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Brain Bee National Final > The Cerebellum > Flashcards

The Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

where in the brain is the cerebellum?

A

an outgrowth of the rostral hindbrain

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2
Q

where does the cerebellum specifically arise from?

A

just caudal to midbrain:
isthmus and rhombomere 1

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3
Q

when does the cerebellum grow rapidly?

A

in the postnatal period

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4
Q

the developing cerebellum is small when?

A

at birth

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5
Q

what is the cerebellum central white matter shaped like?

A

the trunk of a tree

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6
Q

what do the white matter branches of the cerebellum form?

A

major lobules of the central cerebellum

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7
Q

in what type of section does the cerebellum look like a piece of cauliflower?

A

mid-sagittal section

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8
Q

what is the midline of the CB?

A

the vermis

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9
Q

what does the vermis consist of?

A

10 recognizable lobules in all mammals

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10
Q

the cerebral cortex relies on the CB for what?

A

movement coordination

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11
Q

the CC requests CB info via what?

A

the corticopontine pathway

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12
Q

where does the corticopontine tract travel to?

A

the rostral hindbrain

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13
Q

the pontine nuclei send axons to the CB of what side?

A

the opposite side

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14
Q

pontine nuclei send axons to CB via what?

A

the middle cerebellar peduncle

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15
Q

the CB responds to forebrain requests via what?

A

the superior cerebellar peduncle

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16
Q

where does the superior cerebellar peduncle travel to?

A

the opposite ventrolateral thalamic nucleus

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17
Q

the superior cerebellar peduncle travels to the ventrolateral thalamic nucleus of which side?

A

the opposite side

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18
Q

what carries SC and BS fibers on it’s way to the CB cortex.

A

the inferior cerebellar peduncle

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19
Q

what is the CB vermis of all mammals divided into?

A

10 lobules

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20
Q

what are the 10 lobules of the CB vermis divided by?

A

a series of deep fissures

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21
Q

what is the largest fissure in the CB vermis?

A

the primary fissure

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22
Q

what does the primary fissure divide?

A

the anterior vermis from the posterior vermis

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23
Q

what does the anterior vermis consist of?

A

lobules 1 - 5

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24
Q

what does the posterior vermis consist of?

A

lobules 6 - 10

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25
Q

what is the name of lobule 10?

A

the nodule

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26
Q

the human CB hemisphere is marked by 100s of what?

A

folia

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27
Q

what direction do folia run?

A

medial to lateral

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28
Q

what is the center of the CB filled with?

A

the deep CB white matter

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29
Q

what is in the deep CB white matter?

A

3 deep CB nuclei on either side

30
Q

what is the largest deep CB nuclei?

A

the dentate nucleus

31
Q

where is the dentate nucleus placed?

A

laterally

32
Q

the CB is connected to the hindbrain via:

A

3 CB peduncles on either side

33
Q

what does inferior CB peduncle contain?

A

fibers entering CB from SC and inferior olive

34
Q

what does middle CB peduncle contain?

A

fibers entering CB from basilar pons

35
Q

what does the superior CB peduncle contain?

A

fibers that leave CB to travel through the red nucleus to reach the thalamus

36
Q

each cerebral cortex is connected to sensory and motor activities on what side of the body?

A

the opposite side

37
Q

each CB side is connected to which body side?

A

the ipsilateral/same side

38
Q

when one CB hemisphere is damaged, what are the classic symptoms?

A

incoordination of voluntary movement and tremor on the ipsilateral side.

39
Q

how many CB cortex layers are there?

A

3

40
Q

what are the CB cortex layers?

A

outer molecular layer
the Purkinje cell layer
the inner granule cell layer

41
Q

what is in the deep to the granule cell layer?

A

the deep CB white matter

42
Q

what parts of the CB cortex are uniform?

A

the layers
the relative thickness of each layer

43
Q

what is in the deep to the CB cortex?

A

the deep CB white matter

44
Q

what are the output cells of the CB cortex?

A

the Purkinje cells

45
Q

where do the axons of the Purkinje cells project to?

A

to the CB nuclei

46
Q

most fibers projecting to the CB cortex are:

A

mossy fibers

47
Q

what do mossy fibers that project to the CB cortex synapse with?

A

granule cells

48
Q

what exceptions do not have mossy fibers that project to the cerebral cortex?

A

inferior olive input

49
Q

where does inferior olive input directly go to in the CB?

A

dendritic trees of Purkinje cells

50
Q

inferior olive inputs go to the dendritic trees of Purkinje cells in the form of:

A

climbing fibers

51
Q

where do mossy fibers arise from?

A

the pontine nuclei cells & other large pre-cerebellar nuclei in the hindbrain and from the SC.

52
Q

granule cells send their axons to:

A

the dendritic spines of Purkinje cells

53
Q

granule cells comprise what percentage of neurons in the brain?

A

70%

54
Q

granule cells are tiny and tightly packed; their density in the cerebellum is:

A

1 million per cubic millimeter

55
Q

there is evidence that inferior olivary cells control what in the CB?

A

the time code of the CB

56
Q

what does the time code that the inferior olivary cells send to the CB ensure?

A

that learned movement is played back in the right timing sequence

57
Q

at what rate do inferior olivary cells fire the time code to the CB?

A

10Hz (10 APs per second)

58
Q

rat microelectrode recordings suggest that every folium in the CB codes a different:

A

movement sequence

59
Q

what are movement sequence examples the folium in the CB could encode?

A

taking food with the fingers and transferring it to the mouth

running behaviour

60
Q

given that there are 10,000s of folium in the CB, it is possible that the CB:

A

keeps learning new movement sequences in adult life

61
Q

the largest human CB connection is with what?

A

the motor cortex

62
Q

what is the journey of the corticopontine pathway?

A

arises from the CC
synapses in the pons
enters the CB as the middle CB peduncle

63
Q

the middle CB peduncle is a way for the motor cortex to:

A

ask the CB for help when complex movement is required

64
Q

the answer regarding complex movements is returned to the motor cortex via:

A

the superior CB peduncle

65
Q

where do the fibers of the superior CB peduncle synapse?

A

in the ventrolateral nucleus of the thalamus

66
Q

thalamocortical fibers travel to where?

A

the motor cortex

67
Q

the ratio of the number of CB cells to the number of CC cells in the human brain is:

A

4:1 respectively

68
Q

what is the main way that the CB tracks limb movement?

A

through sensation from the skin

69
Q

it appears that most input in the CB for tracking movement comes from:

A

receptors that detect sensations of stretching, contact and/or folding in the skin

70
Q

what do the skin sensations inputted to the CB provide fine detail on?

A

movement of the limbs and other body parts

Brain Bee National Final (10 decks)

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