The Hypothalamus

Question 1

outdated views saw the HT as a ___ tot the TH

Answer 1

ventral addition

Question 2

what revealed the expansive roles of the HT?

Answer 2

gene expression

Question 3

What is the HT formed by?

Answer 3

the most rostral part of the neural tube

Question 4

the HT generates all of what from its alar plates?

Answer 4

the telencephlon

Question 5

The HT generates the telencephalon from its what?

Answer 5

its alar plates

Question 6

what is the most crucial centre in the developing human brain?

Answer 6

the HT

Question 7

what are misunderstandings of the proper anatomical position of the HT due to?

Answer 7

lack of appreciation of the effect of the cervical flexure in the developing neural tube

Question 8

what pushes the HT into its adult position under the TH?

Answer 8

the severe bend in the embryonic neuraxis

Question 9

What has the first two neural segments?

Answer 9

HT

Question 10

What are the neural segments in the HT?

Answer 10

the terminal prosomere
the peduncular prosomere

Question 11

What are the first two neural segments?

Answer 11

the terminal prosomere
the peduncular prosomere

Question 12

what does the terminal HT prosomere give rise to from its alar plate?

Answer 12

the telencephalon and eye

Question 13

the terminal HT prosomere gives rise to the telencephalon and eye from its what?

Answer 13

its alar plate

Question 14

what does the terminal HT prosomere give rise to from its basal plate?

Answer 14

the posterior pituitary gland

Question 15

the terminal HT prosomere gives rise to the posterior pituitary gland from its what?

Answer 15

its basal plate

Question 16

what is the peduncular HT prosomere connected to in the diencephalon

Answer 16

prosomere 3 in the diencephalon

Question 17

rostrally, what is the prominent HT anatomical landmark?

Answer 17

the optic chiasm

Question 18

caudally, what is the prominent HT anatomical landmark?

Answer 18

the mamillary body

Question 19

in the HT, what landmark is between the optic chiasm and mamillary body?

Answer 19

the pituitary stalk

Question 20

what is the most rostral part of the HT above?

Answer 20

the optic chiasm

Question 21

what is the HT nucleus immediately above the optic chiasm called?

Answer 21

the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 22

what does the suprachiasmatic nucleus serve as?

Answer 22

the brains 24 hour clock

Question 23

What do neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus have that allow them to be the brains 24-hour clock?

Answer 23

internal timing systems

Question 24

how can the internal timing system of neurons in the suprachiasmatic nucleus be adjusted?

Answer 24

with light intensity info from the optic nerves

Question 25

where does light intensity info that adjusts SCN neurons arrive from?

Answer 25

the optic nerve

Question 26

in complete darkness, the SCN reverts to a cycle of how long?

Answer 26

25 hours

Question 27

what is the brains clock essential for timing?

Answer 27

peaks of hormonal secretion from endocrine glands

Question 28

what is the main landmark in the central part of the HT?

Answer 28

the pituitary stalk

Question 29

what is the central part of the HT with the pituitary stalk called?

Answer 29

the tuber cinerum

Question 30

during vertebrae evolution what has become organized in a hierarchy of modules in the brain?

Answer 30

complex movements and behaviours

Question 31

during vertebrae evolution complex movements and behaviours have become organized in a:

Answer 31

hierarchy of modules in the brain

Question 32

what is at the top of the hierarchy of complex movements and behaviors in the brain?

Answer 32

survival behaviours relating to the individual as well as the species

Question 33

what do survival behaviours include?

Answer 33

eating drinking defensive behaviours reproduction basic movement patterns to explore the immediate surrounds

Question 34

what part of the brain are survival behaviours primarily controlled?

Answer 34

the HT

Question 35

how many main groups of control centres are there in the HT for survival behaviours?

Answer 35

2

Question 36

what nuclei in the HT controls defense, reproduction and ingestion behaviours?

Answer 36

the ventrolateral nucleus

Question 37

where in the HT is the ventrolateral nucleus?

Answer 37

the medial half of the HT

Question 38

each set of survival behaviours is related to:

Answer 38

one particular set of HT nuclei

Question 39

what HT nuclei initiates foraging and exploratory behaviours?

Answer 39

nuclei in the mamillary body

Question 40

where are the nuclei in the mamillary body that initiate foraging and exploratory behaviours?

Answer 40

caudal HT nearby MB: the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area

Question 41

what are examples of foraging/exploratory behaviours that nuclei in the mamillary body initiate.

Answer 41

turning the head + eyes towards an object of interest running to explore surroundings

Question 42

what is described as the 'leader in the endocrine orchestra'?

Answer 42

the pituitary gland

Question 43

what is described as the 'conductor in the endocrine orchestra'?

Answer 43

the HT

Question 44

The HT has powerful neurons groups that control what in the pituitary gland?

Answer 44

hormonal secretion

Question 45

what controls hormonal secretion in the pituitary gland?

Answer 45

the HT

Question 46

the HT directly instructs and controls hormonal secretion where?

Answer 46

in the pituitary gland

Question 47

large neurosecretory cells in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei send axons where?

Answer 47

to the posterior pituitary

Question 48

what send their axons to the posterior pituitary?

Answer 48

large neurosecretory cells in paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei

Question 49

the posterior pituitary releases what into the bloodstream?

Answer 49

oxytocin and vasopressin

Question 50

what does oxytocin do?

Answer 50

stimulates contraction of the uterus at birth initiates milk secretion after birth plays a role in adult pair bonding and maternal-infant attachment

Question 51

what is another name for vasopressin?

Answer 51

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

Question 52

what does vasopressin/ADH do?

Answer 52

increases blood pressure controls urine production

Question 53

where does vasopressin influence?

Answer 53

kidney tubules

Question 54

where does oxytocin influence?

Answer 54

mammary glands uterus muscles

Question 55

what does the HT less directly control?

Answer 55

the anterior pituitary

Question 56

does the HT control the anterior or posterior pituitary more directly?

Answer 56

the posterior pituitary is controlled more directly

Question 57

What does PVN stand for?

Answer 57

paraventricular nucleus

Question 58

what does SCN stand for?

Answer 58

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Question 59

cells in the PVN release tiny amounts of releasing hormone into what?

Answer 59

specialized blood portal system

Question 60

cells in the PVN release tiny amounts of what into the blood portal system?

Answer 60

releasing hormone

Question 61

the blood portal system carries releasing hormones from the PVN to where?

Answer 61

the anterior pituitary

Question 62

the blood portal system connecting the anterior pituitary and PVN consists of what?

Answer 62

2 capillary sets connected by a portal vein

Question 63

what does the 1st capillary bed in the anterior pituitary portal system do?

Answer 63

collects releasing hormones from the HT

Question 64

what do the small portal veins in the anterior pituitary portal system do?

Answer 64

transport releasing hormones to the 2nd capillary bed in the anterior pituitary

Question 65

what do releasing hormones from the HT reach in the anterior pituitary?

Answer 65

endocrine secreting cells

Question 66

what does releasing hormone stimulate in the anterior pituitary?

Answer 66

the release of major hormones from the anterior pituitary cells

Question 67

in the anterior pituitary, what are the major hormones whose releases are stimulated by releasing hormones from the PVN/HT?

Answer 67

growth hormone (GH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (PRL), luteinizing hormone (LH).