The Telencephalon Flashcards
(171 cards)
1
Q
what do the telencephalon outgrowths arise form?
A
the developing HT
2
Q
what does each telencephalon outgrowth form?
A
a cerebral hemisphere (cerebrum)
3
Q
what dot he cerebral hemispheres consist of?
A
the pallium
the subpallial layer
4
Q
what is the oter layer of the cerrebrum called?
A
the pallium
5
Q
what is the inner layer of the cerebrum called?
A
the subpallium / subpallial layer
6
Q
what layer of the cerebrum includes the cortex/future cortex
A
the pallium
7
Q
what groups does the subpallium form?
A
deep cell groups
8
Q
what are the major deep cell groups the the subpallium forms?
A
the striatum
the palliidum
9
Q
in textbooks, what are the pallidum and basal ganglia collectively known as>?
A
the bsal ganglia
10
Q
telencephalic outgrowths arise from where in the Ht>?
A
the alar plate of the ropstral HT segment
11
Q
iwhat are the four parts of the palliyum
A
medial pallium
dorsal pallium
lateral pallium
ventral pallium
12
Q
in mammals, most of the cerebreal cortex is derived from twhat part of the pallium?
A
the dorsal pallium
13
Q
at is the cerebral cortex also known as>?
A
the neocortex
14
Q
what does the dorsal pallium mainly contain?
A
the neocortex
15
Q
what areas derive from the ventral pallium
A
olfactory system areas (the allocortex)
16
Q
what is another name for the olfactory parts of the cortex?
A
the allocortex
17
Q
what [art of the pallium do olfactory areas / allocortex arise from?
A
the ventral pallium
18
Q
the lateral pallium lies between what two cortex parts?
A
between the neocortex and allocortex
19
Q
what small neocortical area does the lateral pallium form?
A
the insual
20
Q
what part of the pallium is the insula in?
A
the lateral pallium
21
Q
what is the insula devoted to?
A
taste + visceral sensations
22
Q
what does the medial pallium give rise to?
A
the hippocampus
23
Q
what part of the pallium does the hippocmpaus arise from?
A
the medial pallium
24
Q
what increases the massively expanded surface area of the human neocortex?
A
folding
25
what are raised areas in the cortex called?
gyri
26
what are grooves in the cortex called?
sulci
27
what separates the medial pallium (hippocamous) from the dorsal pallium (neocortex)
the corpus callosum
28
what is the cerebrum, divided into?
lobes
29
what are the lobes of the cerebrum named for?
the overlying cranial bones
30
what are the lobes of the cerebrum called>
frontal lobe
occipital lobe
temproal lobe
parietal lobe
31
what separates the frontal and parietal lobes?
the central sulcus
32
what separates the temporal lobe from the frontal + parietal lobes?
the lateral fissure
33
the neocortex has well defined sensory areas for:
touch
vsision
hearing'
taste
34
where is the vuisual cortex?
the occipital pole of the cortex
35
where is the auditory cortex?
the tem[poral lobe
36
where is the touch/somatosensory cortexc?
located rostrally near the frointal pole
37
the neocortex has no sensry area for:
olfaction
38
where is all olfactory info projected to?
ventral cortical areas
39
what are the ventral cortical areas that olfactory info is projected to?
the olfactory bulb
the olfactory tubercle
the piriform cortex
40
what is in front of the somatosensory cortex?
the primary motor cortex
41
what is the primary motor cortex devoted tro?
voluntary motor control of the opp side of the body
42
the motor cortex sends major pathways to where?
BS and SC
43
the motor cortex sends what major patheway to the bS?
the corticobulbar tract
44
the motor cortex sends what major patheway to the SC?
corticospinal tract
45
the motor cortex sends major pathwaysd to the bS and SC to do what>
initiate movement
46
abbreviation for primary somatosensory area:
s1
47
abbreviation for primary motory area:
m1
48
S1 and M1 are separated by what?
the central sulcus
49
abbreviation for primary auditory area:
a1
50
a1 and s1 are separated by what?
deep lateral fissure
51
abbreviation for primary visual area:
v1
52
v1 us almost entirely located on:
the medial side of the occiptial lovbe
53
in diagrams, wht may the taste cortical areas notbe seen?
becasue it is hidden in lateral fissure
54
at histological level, neocortex has what welldefined levels?
layers 1 - 6
55
what are primary sensory areas characterised by?
dense granule cell layers (2+4)
56
hat are the granule cell layers?
2 and 4
57
what is the primary motor cortex characterized by?
prominent pyramidal cell layer (layer 5)
virtual absense of granule ce;ll layer (layer 4)
58
t is the pyramiudal cell llayer?
layer 5
59
why are many layer 5 pyramidal cells lrge?
because theysend axons over great distances to reach MN in the SC
60
in S1, layer 4 is:
prominent
61
In M1, layer 4 is:
virtually absnet
62
what is the hippocampus involvewd in?
memory systems
63
what does the hippocampsu consist of?
the dentate gyrus
the 3 CA regions
the subiculum
the entorhinal cortex
64
hat is the hippocmnpaus responsible for?
short-term memory regiistration
65
where is the entoriuhinal cortex located?
in the parahippocampal gyrus?
66
what tool is the entorhinal cortex similar to?
a GPS that contains a precise 2D grid map of surroundings
67
t does the entorhinal cortex help do?
link memories of events to where they occured
68
the enotorhinal cortex send splace info to the hippocampus as a:
chain of connnections from the dentate gyrus, the CA3 region. and finally the CA1 region
69
the chain of connectins from the enotorhinal cortex to the hippocampus pass through where?
the dentate gyrus
, the CA3 region.
and finally the CA1 region
70
what does the CA1 region do?
sends info to the subiculum
71
what is the subiculum?
the output center of the hppocmapus
72
where does the subiculum project to?
the septum
the hT
73
the subiculum projects to the septum and and Ht via a large fiber bindle called the:
the fornix
74
at are the largest specialized neuron groups under the pallium coverings?
the striatum
the pallidym
75
what do the pallidum and striatum play an important role in?
movement contorl
76
at are the smaller subpallial groups?
the amygdala
the septum
the preoptic area
77
the amygdala the septum and the preoptic area are concerned with what?
emotional expression
behavioural patterbs
78
why is it best to avoid the term basal ganglia?
because people define it as include differnet structures sucg as the amygdala and deep forebrain structures. insteado of only the striatum and globus pallidus
79
t are the 2 parts of the striautm?
the caudate nucleus
the putamen
80
what is the medial side of the putamen?
the pallidum
81
what is the pallidum mainly represented by?>
the globus pallidus
82
what brain strucutes form the brains powerful m otor control system
the striatum and pallidum
83
t do the striatum and pallidum enable the brain to do?
choose froma library og inherited stereotyped behaviours according to needs at thge moment in time
84
the striatum receives whar input?
major motor cortex input
85
after receiving major motor cortex input, where does the striatum project to?
the globud pallidus
86
where does the globus pallidus project dto?
the ventrolateral nucleus of the TH
87
where does the ventrolateral nucleus of the TH project to?
the motor cortex
88
what is the motor control loop in the brain?
motor cortex -> striatum -> globus pallidus -> ventrolateral nucleus of TH -> back to motor cortex
89
the striatum forms an important dopaminergic pathway that arises from where?
the substantia nigra
90
what are the striatum and substabtia nigra connected by?
an important dopaminergic pathway
91
what does damage to the dopaminergic pathway that arises form the substantia nigra and connects the striatum cayse?
parkinsons disease
92
where does the acumbens nucleus locateD in relation to caudat eand putamen?
ventral to rostral parts of caudate and putamen
93
what is ventral to rostral parts of caudate and putamen?
the acumbens nculeus
94
the accumbens nucleus receives dopaminergic projections from where?
BS
95
the accumbens nucleus receives what from the BS?
dopaminegic projections
96
wheret do dopaminergic projections from the BS that are recieved in the accumebns nucleus come from?
the ventral tegmental area
97
where is the ventral tegmental aras in relation to the substantia nigra>
mediual to substantia nigra
98
what do the dopaminergic projections to the accumebsn nucleus form the basis of?
the brains internal rewards system
99
what is another name for the primary olfactory cortex?
the piriform cortex
100
where does the substantia lie in rleation to the piriform cortex?
deep to piriform cortex
101
where in what lobe does the amygdala located?
medial side of temporal lobe
102
where is the amygdala in relation to the hippocmapus
just rostral to hippocampus
103
what are the two main groups of subnuclei in the amygdala?
medial group
lateal group
104
what is the medial group of the amygdala interconnected with?
the olfactory system
105
what is the lateral group of the amygdala iconnect wityh? in particular what?
emotional response circuits
particularly fear
106
the lateral amgydala group reacts to:
responses that signal danger
107
how does the lateral amgydala group react to responses that signal dangeR?
reacts by activating autonomic and endocrine centres (fight or flight mechanisms)
108
what are most of the reponse circuits with lateral amgdala group also interconnected witg>?
the hT
109
what do fear and stress generate through the amygdala?
powerful, unconsiuous emotional memories
110
unconcious fears generated by the amygdala are difficult to:
suppress or erase
111
hieracrchial behaviour control is a major role of what?
the amygdala
112
social hierarehcies are fundamental to aniamsl that:
belong in large groups hwere dominance behaviours maintain effectivenss of group strucutre
113
what complex, misinterpreted behaviour has a relationship with the amygdala?
aggression
114
what are the stongest aggressive behaviour forms in the same species related to?
attempts to establish a place in a hierarhcy
115
in textbooks, the section with the amygdala and related structures is called:
the limbic system
116
what is the logic behind the old term limbic system?
that all structures involved in emotions or primitive behaviours are lumped under the smae title
117
why should the term limbic system be avoided?
because it can be defined in many confusing wyas
118
what is deep to the cerebral cortex?
a thick WM layer
119
in connectional terms, axons iun the cerebral WM have what 3 main types?
association fibers
commisural fibers
projetion fibers
120
what are association fibers?
fibers that run from the cortex to another cortex area in the same hemisphere
(can join adjacent or long distance nuclei/strucutres, even in between diff lobes)
121
what are commissural fibers?
fibers that join cortical aras of one hemisphere to the equivalent areas in the other hemisphere
122
what are projection fibers?
fibers that travel downwards from the cortex to the striatum, pallidum, diecncephalon, MB, HB, SC or upwards ti the TH or cprtex
123
how many commissures are there in the forebrain?
4
124
what is the main commissure in the forebrian?
the corpus callosum
125
what does the corpus callosum connect?
neocortical aras of both sides
126
what are the 4 commissures in the forebrain?
corpus callosum
hippocampal commissure
anterior commissure
posterior commissure
127
what is another name for the hippocampal commissure?
the fornix commissure
128
what does the hippocampal/fornix commissure connect?
both hippocampal regions
129
what does the anterior commissure connect?
areas of temproal lobes (including some olfactory areas)
130
where is the posterior commissure?
in the pretectal areas of diencephalon (adjacent to MB)
131
What is the corpuss callosum situated under?
the cingulate gyrus
132
What is the corpuss callosum situated uabove?
the septum and the lateral ventricle
133
what is the rostral end of the corpus callosum called?
the genu
134
what does the ventral tip of the genu of the corpus callosum form?
the rostrum of the corpus callosum
135
what is the centrral part of the corpus callosum called?
the body of the corpus callosum
136
what is the thickened caudal end of the corpus callosum called?
the splenium
137
mostly, fibers crossing the corpus callosum connect ___ cortex parts
symmetrical
138
fibers crossing the genu of the corpus callosum reach where? in what shape?
the frontal lobe tip in U shape
139
fibers crossing the genu of the corpus callosum reach the frontal lobe tip in U shape called what?
the forceps minor
140
fibers crossing the splenium of the corpus callosum reach where? in what shape?
the tip of occipital lobe in a larger u shape
141
fibers crossing the splenium of the corpus callosum reach the tip of occipital lobe in a larger u shape called the?
forceps major
142
where is the hippocampal commissure in relation to the corpus callosum?
ventral
143
the anterior commissure is at what end of the diencephalon?
rostral end
144
the anterior commissure is where in relation to the anterior fornix columns
in front of
145
what commissure is a useful landmark in forebrain sections at rostral diencephalon end?
the anterior commissure
146
the anterior commissure lies at what rostral diencephalon level?
at the level where the interventricular foramen connects lateral and 3rd ventricles
147
the preoptic areas is ___ to the anterior commissure
ventral
148
what is the most ventral part of the subpallium
the anterior commissure
149
what is caudal to the preoptic area?
rostral end of HT
150
what is the anterior commissure a good marker for?
rostral end of hippocampus and amygdala
151
what commissure is in the caudal pretectal areas?
the posterior commissure
152
what does the posterior commissure link?
pretectal nuclei involved in eye reflexes
153
gene expression proves that the posterior commissure lies in the:
caudal diencephalon
154
modern studies estimate there are how many antatomically and functionally distinct areas in the human neocortex?
180
155
what was the most influential attempt to define the major cortical areas?
The Brodmann areas of the cortex
156
what is Brodmann area 4?
M1
157
where is Brodmann area 4?
precentral gyrus
158
what are Brodmann areas 9 +10?
prefrontal cortex
159
Brodmann areas 9 +10 are ___ to M1
rostral
160
what are Brodmann areas 1, 2 +3
s1
161
where are Brodmann areas 1,2+3
post-central gyrus
162
what is Brodmann area 41
a1
163
where is Brodmann area 41?
temporal gyrus (mainly inside lateral fissure)
164
what is Brodmann area 17?
v1
165
where is Brodmann area 17?
medial surface of occipital lobe
166
what are Brodmann area 44+45?
Broca's area (motor speech area)
167
what is broca's area also known as?
motor speech area
168
where are Brodmann area 44+45
parts of inferior frontal gyrus (immediately rostral to inferior part of the precentral gyrus in the dominant hemisphere)
169
what are Brodmann area 39+40?
Wernicke's area (speech comprehension area)
170
where are Bordmann areas 39+40?
upper surface of superior temporal gyrus caudal to A1 in the dominant hemisphere
(most of Wernicke's area -> in lateral fissure)
171
what is wernickes area also known as?
speech comprehension area
