The Cerebellum, Midline Structures and the Basal Ganglia (Neuro) Flashcards by Jacob Day

Q

What does cerebellum mean? Where does the Cerebellum lie?

A

Little brain
Beneath the occipital lobe

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Q

How many lobes does the cerebellum have?
What are they called?

A

three
1.Anterior lobe
2.Posterior lobe
3.Floccunodular lobe

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Q

What surface is the anterior lobe of the cerebellum on? What splits it with the posterior lobe? What fissure is present within the posterior lobe?

A

Superior surface
Primary fissure separates the lobes
Horizontal fissure

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Q

What is the most ventral lobe? What is it made up of (2) ?

A

Flocculonodular lobe
Flocculus and nodule

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Q

Where are the flocculus and nodule of the flocculonodular lobe located respectively?

A

Flocculus- Beneath cerebellar peduncles
Nodule- Found in the midline

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Q

What splits the two hemispheres of the cerebellum up? What are the folds called? How is there structure different from the cerebrum?

A

Vermis
Folia
Smaller than gyri of cererbrum

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Q

What are the three structures called that connect the cerebellum to the brainstem?

A

Superior, Inferior and Middle cerebellar peduncles

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Q

What are the three functional areas of the cerebellum?

A

Spino-cerebellum
Cerebro-cerebellum
Vestibulo-cerebellum

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Q

What is the anatomical area of the spino cerebellum? What is the primary input of the spinocerebellum?

A

Vermis
Spinocerebellar tracts

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Q

Which cerebellar peduncles does the spino-cerebellum correspond with? What is the function of the Spino-cerebellum?

A

Superior and Inferior
correction and modulation of fine movements

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Q

What are the anatomical areas and primary input of the cerebro cerebellum respectively?

A

Lateral hemispheres
Cerebral cortex

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Q

What cerebellar peduncle does the cerebro-cerebellum correspond with? What is its function?

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle
Planning of coordinated movements

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Q

What is the Anatomical part of the Vestibulo-cerebellum? What is its primary input?

A

Flocculonodular lobe
Vestibular system

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Q

What cerebellar peduncle does the vestibulocerebellum corresponds with and what are its 4 functions?

A

Inferior cerebellar peduncle
Balance, posture, tone and stabilising eye movements

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Q

What three blood arteries supply the cerebellum?

A

Superior cerebellar arteries
Anterior inferior cerebellar arteries
Posterior inferior cerebellar arteries

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Q

Which artery and part of this artery do the Superior cerebellar arteries and Anterior Inferior cerebellar arteries branch from?

A

Basilar artery
SCA- Most superior part
AICA- Most inferior parts

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Q

What are the Posterior Inferior cerebellar arteries a branch of? At what position?

A

Vertebral arteries
Just before they merge to form the Basilar artery

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Q

What do all the cerebellar arteries also supply function to?

A

Parts of the Brainstem

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Q

What does each symptom in the acronym VANISHED stand for in terms of cerebellar dysfunction?

A

V- Vertigo
A- Ataxia (Poor coordination)
N- Nystagmus (backwards and forwards eye movements)
I- Intention tremor
S- Slurred speech
H- Hypotonia (Tone and posture)
E- Exaggerated past pointing (Not being able to touch locations)
D- Dysdiadochokinesia (Cannot touch opposite palms with finger)

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Q

What are the 7 midline structures of the brain?

A

Corpus Callosum
Thalamus
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Pineal gland
Calcarine sulcus
Limbic system

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Q

What Midline structure connects the left and right hemispheres? What is it categorised as? What does this mean?

A

Corpus Callosum
Group of Commissural fibres
These are fibres that commissure into the opposite cerebrum

Q

What is the thalamus function? What 6 pathways does this involve?

A

Relay for numerous functions
Motor, sensory, visual, auditory, cognitive and emotional pathways

Q

What structure lies beneath the thalamus? What are its functions?

A

Hypothalamus
Control over hormonal endocrine functions of the body and autonomic nervous system

Q

Where is the pituitary gland located in what bone?

A

End of a stalk known as the infundibulum in the sella turcica/ pituitary fossa in the sphenoid bone

Where is the Pineal gland located? What is it a part of? What is its function?

Posterior to colliculi Part of Diencephalon Secretes Melatonin (Controls our sleep wake cycle)

Where is the Calcarine sulcus located? What structure is located in this sulcus?

Occipital lobe Primary Visual cortex

What is the Limbic system? What are its functions?

A group of deep brain structures involved in learning, memory and emotional control

What are the 6 structures of the limbic system?

Fornix Mamillary bodies Hippocampus Para hippocampal gyri Cingulate gyrus and Cingulate sulcus

What is the structure of the fornix? What is located on its anterior tip? What is the structure of this?

Similar shape but smaller than corpus callosum Mamillary bodies- small rounded nuclei

Where are the hippocampi located? What are they part of? What is their function?

Inferior to inferior horn of each latera ventricle Part of the temporal lobes Converting short term memory into long term memory

Where are the Para hippocampal gyri located? What do they play a part in (2)?

Next to the hippocampus Spatial memory and Navigation

What is the Cingulate Gyrus and Sulcus where is it located?

Large gyrus with an associated sulcus which are immediately superior to the corpus callosum

What are fibres that travel from the cingulate gyrus to other parts of the limbic system called? Give an example of one?

Cingulum Parrohippocampul gyrus

What are the cingulum an example of? What does this mean?

Association fibres Fibres that connect different parts of the same hemisphere

What disorder is primarily affected by affecting the Limbic system?

Amnesia

What are the Basal Ganglia and what are there three functions?

Deep nuclei of the brain Contribute to coordination, control and inhibition of Motor function

How many main named parts of the Basal ganglia ae there? Where are they spread throughout (3)?

five main parts Spread throughout cerebrum, diencephalon and midbrain

What exists between the Basal Ganglia nuclei?

Complex excitatory and inhibitory pathways (Don't need to know)

What are the five nuclei of the Basal Gnaglia?

1. Caudate Nucleus 2. Globus Pallidus 3. Putamen 4. Substantia nigra 5. Subthalamic nucleus

What is the structure of the Caudate nucleus? What does it run next to and in what position?

C-shaped structure Runs immediately medial to the lateral ventricle

What is the structure of the Globus Pallidus? What can it be divided into?

Triangular shaped nucleus can be divided into an internal or external part

What structure is found immediately lateral to the globus pallidus? What shape is it?

Putamen Oval shaped

Which Basal ganglia nucleus is found in the midbrain? What does it produce?

SUbstantia nigra Dopamine

What nucleus is found inferior to the thalamus but superior to the substantia nigra?

Subthalmic nucleus

What structure do the putamen and globus pallidus make up? Why?

Lentiform nucleus Similarity in function

What structure do the Caudate nucleus and the lentiform nucleus form? Why?

Striatum Similarity in function

Name the structures

A- Lateral Ventricle B- Thalamus C- Internal Capsule D- Third Ventricle E- Head of caudate nucleus F-Putamen G-Globus Pallidus H- Subthalmic nucleus I- Substantia nigra

Which two structures are anatomically part of the basal ganglia but not involved in the motor control function of the it?

Nucleus Accumbens Amygdala

Where is the Nucleus Accumbens located? What is its function?

Anterior junction between caudate nucleus and putamen Reward systems