The changing economic world

Question 1

define development

Answer 1

the progress of a country as it becomes more economically and technologically advanced

Question 2

what are the BRIC and MINT nations

Answer 2

fast developing countries

brazil
russia
india
china
mexico
indonesia
nigeria
turkey

Question 3

how can development be slowed or even reversed

Answer 3

• war/conflict
• disease
• disasters
• economic recession

Question 4

how can development be boosted

Answer 4

• investment in agriculture (improve food, then health)
• improvements in power supplies and education

Question 5

what are the three categories for development

Answer 5

• LICs
• NEEs
• HICs

Question 6

what is the developmental gap

Answer 6

the differences between less and more development

Question 7

why do we use many indicators for development

Answer 7

because one indicator alone can be misleading as some features develop quicker than others which can indicate a country is more developed than it actually is

Question 8

what are the MEASURES of development

Answer 8

• gross national income per head
• birth and death rates
• infant mortality
• life expectancy
• people per doctor
• literacy rates
• access to safe water
• human development index

Question 9

what is GDP and what does it stand for

Answer 9

gross domestic product

the total value of a country’s output of goods and services produced in a given year

Question 10

what is GNI and what does it stand for

Answer 10

gross national income

a measure of the total income received by a country from its residents and businesses (both in the country and overseas)

Question 11

what is HDI and what does it stand for

Answer 11

human development index

uses life expectancy, literacy rates, education level and GNI to calculate a score between 0 and 1 (1being most developed)

Question 12

what is literacy rate

Answer 12

the percentage of adults who can read and write

Question 13

what is birth rate

Answer 13

the number of live births per 1000 if the population in a year

Question 14

what is infant mortality rate

Answer 14

the number of children who do not survive to their first birthday per 1000

Question 15

what is death rate

Answer 15

the number of deaths per 100 of the population per year

Question 16

how would you describe access to safe water as a measure of development

Answer 16

percentage of people who have access to safe water

Question 17

Limitations of Development Measures: GDP

Answer 17

ignores non economic factors such as happiness and pollution

leaves out production such as home grown food

Question 18

Limitations of Development Measures: GNI

Answer 18

people working in the informal sector are not taken into account

it is an average calculation so a few wealthy people can distort figures

people may not be honest about their earnings

Question 19

Limitations of Development Measures: HDI`

Answer 19

the statistics provided by some countries may be unreliable and subjective

based on averages so does not show differences within the country

Question 20

Limitations of Development Measures: literacy rate

Answer 20

hard to measure in LICs due to lack of monitoring

difficult to measure in conflict zones and squatter settlements

Question 21

Limitations of Development Measures: life expectancy

Answer 21

data not always reliable

Question 22

Limitations of Development Measures: birth rate

Answer 22

some countries may have low birth rates but still be quite poor due to other causes such as political ones

birth control policies eg China

Question 23

Limitations of Development Measures: infant mortality

Answer 23

not all deaths of children are reported in LICs or remote areas

Question 24

Limitations of Development Measures: access to safe water

Answer 24

people may technically have access but not be able to afford it

leaking pipes and natural disasters may leave people without

Question 25

what is the demographic transition model used for

Answer 25

illustrating the five general stages of population change that countries pass through as they develop

Question 26

why are birth rates high in LICs

Answer 26

lack of contraception low levels of family planning high infant mortality lack of education (women putting off children to continue their career in HICs) children needing to work

Question 27

what are the physical factors that lead to uneven development

Answer 27

- seabourne trade routes cut off to LANDLOCKED COUNTRIES - SMALL COUTNRIES have fewer human and natural resources - CLIMATE RELATED DISEASE AND PESTS - EXTREME WEATHER EVENTS - LIMITED ACCESS TO CLEAN WATER

Question 28

what are the economic causes of uneven development

Answer 28

- POVERTY prevents improvement to living standards, education, sanitation and infrastructure - TRADE - wealthy regions dominate trade which means they can dictate terms to their advantage at the expense of LICs - TECHNOLOGY - existing resources can be used more efficiently and mechanisation of farming increases yields

Question 29

what are the historical causes of uneven development

Answer 29

- COLONISATION - exploitation of resources and people(slavery) - CONFLICT - people fighting instead of working, money used to buy weapons instead of improving services, damage to existing infrastructure

Question 30

what are the social causes of uneven development

Answer 30

- low levels of education, healthcare and equality - DEMOGRAPHY - population structure (work force), immigration - GOVERNMENT POLICY - its stability and effectiveness, democratically elected or not, corrupt investment

Question 31

what are the effects of uneven development

Answer 31

- imbalance between rich and poor (between and within countries) - disparities in wealth and health - inequality can lead to migration ( as people seek to improve their quality of life)

Question 32

causes of economic change

Answer 32

- de-industrialisation - globalisation - government policy changes

Question 33

what is de-industiralisation

Answer 33

the decline in primary and secondary and the move towards tertiary and Quaternary

Question 34

how has de-industrialisation caused economic change

Answer 34

- labour costs are cheaper, longer working hours and trade unions have to influence - mechanisation has reduced production costs and the need for manual labour

Question 35

how has globalisation brought about economic change

Answer 35

- increased world trade with cheaper imported goods - taxes are kept low so more people have disposable income, mortgages become easier to obtain - markets have become deregulated so companies have to find their own ways to make a profit through change and innovation

Question 36

how have government policy changes brought about economic change

Answer 36

- state-run industries created to boost the economy and support unprofitable businesses - austerity measures to rebalance the economy - inward investments and improvements to infrastructure

Question 37

features of our post-industrial economy

Answer 37

- development of information technology - growing service industries - research and development - science parks (to further knowledge and fix problems) - business parks (sharing resources and collaborating)

Question 38

impact of industry on the physical environment

Answer 38

- landscapes scarred by derelict buildings - gas and soot emissions resulting in smog - industrial waste products causing air, water and soil pollution - transport of raw materials increasing air pollution

Question 39

what are the economic effects of population decline

Answer 39

- services closing - farms become less efficient as limited employees - increase in tourism as it is a peaceful and quiet area

Question 40

what are the social effects of population decline

Answer 40

fewer children resulting in school closures -

Question 41

what are the economic effects of population growth

Answer 41

- house prices increase - thriving businesses - pressure on services

Question 42

what are the social effects of population growth

Answer 42

- lack of affordable housing for locals - traffic congestion increases