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Geography > Tectonic Hazards - done > Flashcards

Tectonic Hazards - done Flashcards

1
Q

What is a natural hazard

A

a natural event that threatens people or has the potential to cause damage destruction and death

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2
Q

Examples of atmospheric hazards

A

hurricanes
tornadoes
heat waves
droughts

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3
Q

biological hazards

A

disease
air pollution

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4
Q

How does the relief of land affect the impact

A

The people at the bottom of a hilly area would be hit harder and it would be more disastrous for them than the people at the top

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5
Q

DIFFERENCES BETWEEN OUTER CORE AND INNER CORE

A

Outer core - liquid and made of iron and nickel
Inner core - solid from intense pressure

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6
Q

What is the crust and upper mantle referred to

A

Lithosphere

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7
Q

Describe Slab pull

A

the denser oceanic plate sinks into the mantle and pulls the rest of the plate with it due to gravtiy

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8
Q

Describe ridge push

A

Magma rises through the ridge and as it cools it renews the crust. As it slides down the ridge it causes the plates to move away

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9
Q

Oceanic crust is

A

Newest
not very thick
very dense

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10
Q

Continental crust is

A

Older
thick
not very dense

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11
Q

Example of a constructive plate boundary

A

North American and Eurasian plate

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12
Q

Example of a destructive plate boundary

A

South American and Nazca plate

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13
Q

How do fold mountains form

A

Under intense pressure when the plates move together they buckle and the rock is forced up

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14
Q

What type of volcanoes are formed at destructive plate boundaries

A

Explosive eruptions with viscous lava which forms Cone and strato-volcanoes with high gas pressure

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15
Q

Example of a conservative plate boundary

A

pacific and North American plates

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16
Q

Name of the Fault line in California

A

San Andreas Fault

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17
Q

Difference between destructive plate boundaries and collision plate boundaries

A

Destructive - between oceanic crust and continental crust
collision - between two continental crusts

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18
Q

Example of a collision plate boundary

A

Indian plate and Eurasian plate

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19
Q

Why are volcanoes not found on collision margins

A

Because the pressure between the plates is too great for magma to pass its way through

20
Q

What type of volcanoes form on constructive boundaries

A

Shield volcanoes with runny lava and low gas pressure

21
Q

Why does magma rise

A

Driven by buoyancy and gas pressure, the molten rock which is lighter than the surrounding rock forces its way up

22
Q

Lahar

A

a mixture of volcanic ash, rocks, and other debris mixed with water. Many move too fast for people to outrun

23
Q

What is a pyroclastic flow

A

mixtures of hot, dry ash, rock and gas that travel about 80km/hour and range from 200-700*C

24
Q

Jolkulhlaup

A

a flash flood that occurs when a glacier that is on op of a volcano melts

25
What is tephra
anything that is blown out of the volcano into the air
26
Two types of earthquake measurement
Mercalli Scale - measures damage Richter Scale - based upon measurements of seismographs
27
What is liquifaction
when soft rock is shaken the water comes up and things sink
28
Reasons why people live near tectonic hazards
- Increase in preparation so people feel safe - Good job and way of life already - Volcanic soils are fertile - Tourism is high = jobs - Magma contains useful minerals that can be mined after it cools such as gold, silver, zinc, lead, copper - Poorer people can't afford to move away
29
How are Earthquakes predicted
There is no way of knowing for certainty that one is coming but they do monitor small tremors
30
How are volcanoes monitored
- Sulphurous gases rising - Heat changes and small vibrations - Changes in the slope of the volcano
31
Planning strategies for tectonic hazards
- Hazard mapping - important buildings like hospitals are built in low risk areas - Emergency supply stockpiling - Emergency services practise evacuation plans - Safety protocols and drills - first aid training - securing objects/furniture (earthquakes)
32
Protection strategies for volcanoes
- Steep, sloping rooves so that ash falls off - no collapsing roofs - Concrete blocks and explosives are used to divert/slow lava flows
33
How can buildings be protected from earthquakes
- Water tank on top to counteract swaying - Base isolation - Automatic window shutters(falling glass) - Smart metres cutting off electricity - Cross bracing - flexible structures - sea walls in case of tsunamis
34
Example of a building that has been protected from earthquakes
Taipei 101 in Taiwan - has a giant steel ball that sways and counteracts the shaking
35
what are the crust and upper mantle called together
the lithosphere
36
what are tectonic plates
several major fragments of the lithosphere
37
global distribution of earthquakes
- occur at all plate boundaries (those at conservative plate boundaries are usually small and not violent) - are both on land and in the sea - occur in narrow bands along plate margins
38
global distribution of volcanoes
- occur at constructive and destructive plate boundaries - are both on land and in the sea - occur in narrow bands along plate margins
39
describe how earthquakes occur at conservative plate boundaries
- pressure builds ass the plates are being pulled in opposite directions - as friction is overcome, the rock fractures in an earthquake
40
how are volcanoes formed at constructive boundaries
- hot molten lava rises between the plates then cools to form new plate
41
describe how volcanoes are formed at destructive plate boundaries
- when oceanic and continental plates collide, the denser oceanic plate is subducted under into the mantle where it melts - hot magma then forces its way to the surface
42
what is the point where one plate is forced under another called in a destructive plate boundary
subduction zone
43
immediate responses to tectonic hazards
- issue warnings - rescue teams - treatment given - provide food, shelter, water - recover bodies - distinguish fires
44
long term responses to tectonic hazards
- repair buildings and transport infrastructure - improve building regulations - restore utilities - increase monitoring technology - resettle locals elsewhere
45
what are the types of natural hazard
tectonic - earthquakes and volcanoes geomorphological hazards - flooding atmospheric - tropical storms biological - forest fire
46
factors affecting hazard risk
- concentration of population/number of people vulnerable - frequency - magnitude - wealth of area

Geography (30 decks)

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