The Changing Economic World Flashcards

Question

Draw the Fisher Clark Model and Draw the DTM

Answer 1

[link](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1ZtrutgiOCRiL72NtK16axfx_faSmbRunQg0lWMMfshQ/edit)

Answer 2

1. physical factors 2. historical factors 3. economic factors *(caused by physical + historical)*

Answer 3

**1. physical** *(most important)* - land locked countries - difficult to trade - climate (e.g. tropical) - more dieases (e.g. malaria), so people can't work or go to school - extreme weather (e.g. drought) - less food + water, so people are malnourished and unable to work - natural hazards - relief - harder to grow crops

Answer 4

2. **historical** *(most important)* colonisation: - took raw materials for free - sold manufactured goods at higher price - people taken from West Africa to slave trade - took away a generation of workers - colonial powers didn't invest in colonies' infrastructure, health or education system - unable to develop properly - divided up countries with no regard for tribes + ethnic groups - created many civil wars, and money was spent on weapons + people die

Answer 5

3. **economic** *(caused by historical + physical factors)* - unfair trade agreements benefits HICs - LICs trade raw materials - prices fluctuate (e.g. Ghana, 1990 price of cocoa halved), LICs don't sell for high price, so less money to invest

Answer 6

- differences in wealth - differences in health - migration

Answer 7

**Since 2009** the wealth of the top 1% of the world's richest has been somewhat steadily increasing while the wealth of the bottom 99% was decreasing **In 2016** the wealth of the top 1% and bottom 99% of households in the world had the same amount of wealth

Answer 8

**most:** USA + Europe - but Europe is about to be overtaken by China - their wealth has increased very rapidly - in 1980 they had less than 5% of the worlds wealth now is 15% **least:** Africa - their share of world wealth remains less than 1%

Answer 9

it has become much wider

Answer 10

This is shown in the distribution of children's deaths which mainly occur in LICs in Africa: - In LICs, 40% of deaths are in children under 15. - In HICs this is just 1% - This is often due to lower respiratory infections (breathing) or diarrhoea or malnutrition - but can also be because of diseases like malaria (e.g in 2019, 350,000 died from this disease)

Answer 11

Since 2004 the no. of polish economic migrants to the UK has increased significantly. There are now over **400,000** Poles in the UK. *They came because of:* - employment opportunities - educational opportunities

Answer 12

- after Brexit fewer Poles were able to migrate to the UK - policies can be put in place to reduce the number of people migrating to a country - some people came to escape conflict

Answer 13

It is a LIC in East Africa It attracts tourists because of it's - tribal culture - safari wildlife - warm climate - beautiful unspoilt scenery

Answer 14

Between 2000 - 2018 Kenya's HDI has increased by 30% to 0.579 in 2018

Answer 15

- In 2018, travel and tourism grew by 5.9% to contribute $7.51 billion to the Kenyan economy - tourism now provides 1.1 million jobs - travel and tourism supported 8.8% of the nation's GDP in 2018 (relatively large %) and as it is expected to continue growing - this money can be used to improve the local Q of L by investing in local projects to help education, healthcare, transportation + infrastructure - tourism helps reduce dependence on other sections such as agriculture which is unstable

Answer 16

- tourism encourages wildlife conservation efforts - forests, game parks, and cultural heritage sites are preserved as potential sources of income, to benefit Kenyan locals - 24 National Parks charge entry fees to visitors, the money is used to maintain parks

Answer 17

- Jobs are usually seasonal and often menial - employment is unsteady, making it difficult financially - big companies bring in experienced workers from home countries meaning that only unskilled low-paying jobs are left for locals - government prioritises helping areas that could potentially boost tourism over projects that work towards the general well being of local residents - most money that is made doesn't go to local workers as the big industry players take a large cut. Mostly TNCs whose income does little for the Kenyan economy

Answer 18

- Tourist visit can disrupt natural wildlife as they are invaded by tourists wanting to take pictures and view the animals - some local tribes have been forced out of their land by the government for tourism as the government wishes for their area to be developed to suit tourists needs

Answer 19

- foreign investment - industrial development - aid - fair trade - intermediate (appropriate) technology - microfinance loans - debt relief

Answer 20

TNCs set up a business in a foreign country and employ local workers

Answer 21

**A TNC opens in an LIC/NEE and then it is the multiplier effect** e.g. - a TNC is opened in an LIC/NEE - creates employment opportunity/jobs - local businesses that supply the TNC will have more work so will need more staff + become wealthier - more money is spent in the area in local businesses e.g. shops/cafes - even more jobs created - as businesses expand, they pay more tax - the government have more money which they can invest - new infrastructure - makes area more attractive to overseas firms - more TNCs open here

Answer 22

- a lot of profit is likely to go back to the investers so a lot of the money doesn't end up going to the country - some TNCs set up businesses to access 'cheap labour pools' - e.g. no minimum wage/regulations on working conditions so don't have to pay or treat their workers well

Answer 23

In 2020 Shell awarded contracts worth more than $0.8 billion to Nigerian registered businesses

Answer 24

The building and growing of industries with it in economy (government invests in it's own country)

Answer 25

- you can sell manufactured goods for a higher price than raw materials - the value of manufactured goods is more stable (fluctuates less) than real materials - having more people in the secondary sector were allowed to make more money so they will spend more money, allowing other businesses to make higher profits - the government will then earn more in business tax + can spend this money on services - this improves Q of L

Answer 26

- people working in secondary industry must be educated so this development strategy relies on the fact that there must've been some investment in education so very undeveloped countries may not be able to use this strategy - industrial development also relies on cheap labour pools

Answer 27

Dangote produces cement for Nigeria which allows building infrastructure to be built and creates new jobs

Answer 28

A gift of money, goods or services to a developing country

Answer 29

Money from aid is spent on services (e.g. education + healthcare), infrastructure (roads + transport links), and food/water. Population is healthy + well educated + happy: - so good production at work - population can work particularly in tertiary sector Countries can build relationships: - this enables trade + in turn allows countries to make profit and develop further - allows countries to get aid in the future

Answer 30

- creates dependency - prevents businesses from opening which would lead to the multiplier effect (because if people can get services/food for free then why would businesses need to open) - countries with corruption or political influence (politicians may choose investment to benefit them not the community) - LICs may be tied into unfavourable conditions particularly with bilateral or multilateral aid

Answer 31

60 million mosquito nets distributed by World Bank, IMF + US government in Nigeria

Answer 32

The aim is to give better prices and guarantees for the goods farmers produce, protecting their quality of life

Answer 33

- farmers produce is bought for a fair price - so farmers make more profits so have higher incomes and can buy food, shelter and hygiene products - this improves their quality of life - there is a minimum wage + so farmers will always be paid as their income must not go below minimum wage - so farmers incomes are stable so they are always guaranteed this - so increases their quality of life - some of the profits made by farmers must go to social premium - so there is an investment in local services

Answer 34

The products made by farmers are more expensive which may put off customers in HICs from buying them. So HICs may buy fewer products from farmers so their incomes still decrease. Some products market themselves as 'fair trade' without the official logo. They have created their own unofficial meaning (which may not protect workers rights).

Answer 35

In 2017 alone, Ben and Jerrys paid $3.4 million in fair trade premium to small-scale farmers around the world

Answer 36

When government invests in the appropriate technology needed to solve a local problem it is technology that the local community can take ownership of and use which uses local materials and knowledge

Answer 37

- It involves community so not reliant on HICs - it gives the community new skills - it allows communities to make long-term improvements to their quality of life

Answer 38

These projects are very small scale so they benefit very few people (they are often in rural areas) so they are not a single solution for everyone. These projects may only solve very specific problems.

Answer 39

Floating Gardens - taught how to make using local/natural resources in Bangladesh

Answer 40

When you give small loans to individuals. and These individuals can do what they want with the money and are often woman. They must pay the money back.

Answer 41

- Can reduce gender inequality as women (who may not be able to open bank accounts or may be obligated to give their wealth to their husbands/don't have control over their money) often receive these loans - these loans allow people to start businesses which will provide them with an income and in turn a higher quality of life

Answer 42

- Individuals are left with debt (but hopefully their business takes off and they are able to pay off the rest and still make a profit) - small-scale solutions unless many loans are distributed - no guarantee that businesses will be successful - individuals may misuse their money or not know how to use it in order to create a successful business to earn them more money later

Answer 43

The Grameen Bank in Bangladesh have loaned a total of $27 billion to 8.4million people in Bangladesh and 97% of these people are women

Answer 44

cancelling the debt of a country

Answer 45

If a country doesn't have to pay their debt they can instead spend that money on investment in resources, services and infrastructure This will improve the quality of life of the population

Answer 46

- HICs often only cancel the depts of heavily indebted poor countries (HIPCs) but, other countries also have debt, which will stunt their development - Many countries may have had to take out new loans since their debt relief

Answer 47

In 2015, 36 countries have a debt cancelled by IMF or New loans to HIPC has increased by 40% since 2005

Answer 48

- a TNC is opened in an LIC/NEE - creates employment opportunity/jobs - local businesses that supply the TNC will have more work so will need more staff + become wealthier - more money is spent in the area in local businesses e.g. shops/cafes - even more jobs created - as businesses expand, they pay more tax - the government have more money which they can invest - new infrastructure - makes area more attractive to overseas firms - more TNCs open there

Answer 49

**GNI/capita:** $5,700 (USD) **Population:** over 200 mill **Location:** West Africa **Borders:** Cameroon, Niger, Benin, Chad **Capital:** Abuja (in the centre of Nigeria)

Answer 50

- to make it a more neutral position - to encourage movement away from Lagos - to take away some power from the south

Answer 51

- **Promotes collaboration between nations** - leading role in creation of African union - **Peacekeeping role in west Africa** - leading role in creation of ECOWAS - **Largest economy on the continent** - annual output of $430 billion (2022) - influence as it is richer

Answer 52

- **Important global peacekeeping** - 5th largest contributor to UN peacekeeping missions (UN 2014) - **Important in global trade** - **Important in global energy supply** - 12th largest oil producer - **Important in global culture** - Nigeria has the second largest film industry in the world (Nollywood)

Answer 53

- Nigeria is important within Africa as it is one of the most developed countries in Africa (largest economy on the continent) - Nigeria holds power with trade and power supply - However, globally it's less importance as it is still much less developed than many countries outside Africa - For example : life expectancy is only 55, maternal mortality rates are extremely high (600/100,000 live births) and at least 10 million children do not go to school

Answer 54

- In the North of Nigeria there is desert (hot + dry) and so there is less water and there are problems with desertification - Then going more south there is Savannah (which is semi arid - dry + hot) - then next going more south there is the highlands (cooler + wet) which are fertile and are cash crops so there's lots of wealth created there - then, more south, there's a tropical rainforest (hot + wet) and so there is problems with deforestation - then right at the south of Nigeria there is the Delta region and so alluvium is deposited there so it's more fertile - There are major rivers in Nigeria e.g. Niger River and Benue River - The rivers create a natural boundary for ethnic groups - In the south there is the Niger Delta where the oil is found

Answer 55

- In the north there is poverty and literacy is worse. - Much of terror is caused by Boko Haram against Muslims is in the North. The south is more developed by colonisers.

Answer 56

- 250+ major ethnic groups - 4 main ethnic groups are: Ijaw, Hausa + Fulani, Igbo, Yoruba - there is a growing population so they will need to manage ethnic divisions + oil revenue - Hausa + Fulani is in the North - Yoruba is in the West - Igbo is in the East - Ijaw is in the South - Ijaw has influence over politics just to control of oil feilds

Answer 57

- The south is mainly Christian which is linked to colonisation - the North is mainly Muslim **There is a large global cultural influence:** **Music** - Burna Boy + Fela Kuti **Nollywood** - it is the 2nd largest film industry after Hollywood **Art** - Yinka Shonibare **Writers** - Chimamanda Adichie (global bestseller) + Bernadine Evaristo (Booker prize winner) **Long history of cultural influence** - Benin bronzes + Nok terracottas

Answer 58

**1850s** - Nigeria a British colony **1960** - became independent from Britain + there was political instability (bc ruled by dictators) continued... **1967 - 1970** - Civil War (2 million died) **1998** - political instability stops + Nigeria becomes a democracy **2001** - the rise of Boko Haram **2015 - now** - "free + fair" elections

Answer 59

More countries would want to invest if they become more stable which benefits Nigeria

Answer 60

- capturing an army base and killing 100s of civilians - kidnapped 270 high school students

Answer 61

**Want:** to replace Nigeria's democratic government with an extremist view **Operate:** out of the north eastern states where most people are in poor muslim communities

Answer 62

- much of the money goes to Boko Haram and not into development - money is spent on weapons and not on development

Answer 63

- In the 1990s, Nigeria was mainly an agricultural society - Today over 50% of the country's GDP comes from secondary + tertiary - This reflects the rapid urbanisation which Nigeria has experienced - The largest percentage of people still work in agriculture (30.5%) but that is closely followed by retail, repair + maintenance

Answer 64

**Dangote** is Africa's richest person He founded Dangote cement, one of Nigeria's largest companies. Cement is in growing demand in Africa because it is more urbanised so more roads and infrastructure (housing, hospitals etc) are being built

Answer 65

1.8% of the population work in the arts and entertainment sector. Nollywood is Nigeria's film industry and is the second largest in the world after Hollywood.

Answer 66

- Oil and gas, which was discovered in the 1950s, is a vital part of the Nigerian economy. - It accounts for 75% of its export earnings. - It has helped Nigeria to move from an LIC to an NEE. - However there are many negatives to this industry and so has not stimulated as much economic development as you might expect.

Answer 67

The multiplier effect

Answer 68

**Transnational corporation** which is a foreign company - creates jobs by building factories and offices - is attracted to NEEs/LICs because there is usually low minimum wages so it's cheap labour

Answer 69

TNCs have played a large role in Nigeria's economic growth. There are about 40 TNCs in Nigeria mostly from Europe and USA although increasingly they are from Asia.

Answer 70

- TNCs create employment (jobs) - TNCs help create wealth for the host country - TNCs benefit other local businesses - TNCs provide goods to the host country

Answer 71

- Workers open paid low wages and work in poor conditions - The profits often leave the country and return to the source country - The government invests money in subsidies to attract firms which could be spent on services and local people, such as healthcare - Firms can negatively impact the host country

Answer 72

- 2,500 jobs created - better security of income - more disposable income - local businesses make more money - shell have invested in community health + education in the area - improvements to local transport

Answer 73

- Management positions oven give to people from other countries - oil wealth has provoked armed conflict - oil spills (Bodo region) have caused conflict and resentment, have ruined fisherman's livelihood, caused serious damage to the local ecosystem + lead to water pollution

Answer 74

-Nigeria's trade relationships have changed over time - from trade with Britain + Portugal before colonisation to close links with Britain as part of its empire - now Nigeria's main trade partners are Brazil, China, India, Japan, the US and the EU - Nigeria also plays an important role in ECOWAS, a trade bloc of 15 countries encouraging economic cooperation in the region - these changing trade relationships reflect the change in political relationships as Nigeria became a British colony and then an independent nation and a regional leader in west Africa - Nigeria is still linked to Britain through the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of countries which were once part of the British Empire

Answer 75

U.K.'s share of Nigeria's total imports in 2000 was 9.8%, this decreased to 2.8% in 2021, there was a change of 7%. China's share of Nigeria's total imports in 2000 was 5.9% this increased to 35.5% in 2021, there was a change of 29. 6% Nigeria's new main trading partner is China

Answer 76

[link](https://docs.google.com/document/d/1vZwWyQLf7ykDMBwkcMNAp56eA12ppE52xGtbvfc0Pkk/edit)

Answer 77

The World Bank donated 60 million mosquito nets to Nigeria between 2009 and 2013 - this is to help prevent malaria which means the Nigerian government has a smaller healthcare bill - so they have more money to invest in other sectors of economy like industry which may help the economy grow - also local people would be healthier and able to work for longer thus improving their own wages - this means they will pay more taxes so the Nigerian government has no money to invest leading to the multiplier effect

Answer 78

- killed mangoes - killed most/all biodiversity - killed fish - crude oil everywhere - vegetation dies + cannot grow back - air pollution from glass flares - acid rain

Answer 79

The impact on people is the worst because of loss of fish so people have no income/food so there is cycle of deprivation to be become very poor

Answer 80

- killed fish so no income from fishing - no fish so can't eat it so have to spend money on other food - vegetation dies and cannot grow back so farmers also lose income and can't eat food grown so have to buy elsewhere - pay to clean up oil spill - very expensive - children can't go to school because parents can't afford it

Answer 81

- **clean water** - time not spent collecting, can be in school/work, more money - **sanitation** - healthier, more money - **higher paid jobs** - more money - **roads + transport** - get to jobs/school quicker, more money - **education** - higher jobs, more money - **healthcare** - fewer sick, more work, more money

Answer 82

- Before the industrial revolution, the majority of the UK worked in agriculture - By 1881 this has changed and the majority worked in factories/manufacturing - industries like shipbuilding and iron and steel flourished in south Wales and the north. - This was because the coal mines were there so cold could be easily transported to factories (as coal powered factories) - in 2011 more than 81% of people worked in services

Answer 83

An economy where most people work in the service sector (tertiary) or quaternary sector

Answer 84

1. **Deindustrialisation** - factories closing because of increasing comp. and mechanisation 2. **Government policy** – government making laws or joining trade blocks 3. **Globalisation** – countries becoming more interconnected and interdependent

Answer 85

Globalisation describes the way in which the world has become more interconnected. Globalisation has led to an increase in world trade, foreign investment, communication between different countries and the sharing of ideas.

Answer 86

- Increased trade with more countries. The UK can now trade widely in sectors like the financial sector which means that we can get richer. The UK economy grows by 1-2%/ year, mainly due to global trade. - Cheaper goods and services because in other countries, the minimum wage is lower so goods can be made cheaper and bought for cheaper. - The UK now specialises in high-value production because we can still pay high labour costs and be competitive in the world market.

Answer 87

- Less manufacturing occurs. This means that factories close and people in the UK lose their jobs, or wages are lowered to compete with the rest of the world. - Inequality increases because many of the industrial areas in the UK were in the north. These people usually are not educated so they find it hard to find jobs.

Answer 88

A decrease in the amount of manufacturing and heavy industry (e.g. oil, coal, steel) taking place in a country and a growth in the tertiary and quaternary sectors

Answer 89

LICs and NEEs

Answer 90

1. A global shift in manufacturing to NEEs and LICs such as China, where wages are lower, working hours are longer and trade unions are sometimes banned. So most factories are no longer needed as they can get cheaper goods from abroad. 2. An increase in the number of machines used to carry out work. This is called mechanisation so people lost jobs.

Answer 91

- 20th century – number of coal mines went from 3,000 to 30 - The last deep coal mine closed in 2015

Answer 92

- It was cheaper to import foreign energy than mine our own - UK wants to move towards renewable energy (but we still buy cheaper coal from places like China)

Answer 93

- Shipbuilding, textiles and steel - Lots of our ship building brackets (like in Newcastle + Sunderland) went to South Korea and China

Answer 94

A post-industrial economy is where the manufacturing industry (secondary) has been replaced with service industries or quaternary jobs

Answer 95

- IT sector - Service sector - Research sector

Answer 96

- Computers can store and process vasts amounts of information very quickly - In the UK, over 1.3 million people work in the IT sector - Mobile devices such as smart phones enable information to be accessed almost anywhere - The Internet and use of computers enables people to work from home and to be self employed

Answer 97

- provides support rather than manufacturing products - largest sector in the UK by far – employs over 2 million people and contributes about 10% of U.K.'s GDP - finance, (including banking, insurance and management) is one of the major areas

Answer 98

Cambridge Science Park

Answer 99

A city located in central west England It is famous for its university

Answer 100

- In 1970, Trinity College set up the Science Park making it a global centre of excellence for footloose industries - such as electronics, scientific instruments and medical drugs

Answer 101

Industries that can set up in any location because they don't have dependence on raw materials

Answer 102

It now has more than 100 start-up companies employing 5,000 people

Answer 103

- It is on the edge of the city (cheaper land, less congestion) - local skilled workforce and scientific research done at nearby Cambridge uni - Good transport links (Stansted Airport + railway) to export finished products and import component parts - Local M11 motorway gives direct link to London - good for commuting workers - Many nearby beautiful village for workers to live in

Answer 104

- House prices are high and published higher by rising demand - Road and rail need to be improved or people rely on cars to travel

Answer 105

A site with a group of IT or research businesses

Answer 106

1. Attracts skilled + specialist graduates 2. Encourage growth research 3. Have the most up-to-date research is attached to unis

Answer 107

**In the past, industrial growth had significant harmful impacts on the environment.** - Waste materials were often toxic, polluting the land + water supplies - Gas + soot emissions from burning coal polluted the air, resulting in smogs, mostly in London in the 1950s - Landscapes in coal mining areas became transformed by ugly spoil heaps - Manufacturing plants can adversely affect the landscape's visual aspect + creates a less appealing visual environment - Transportation of materials is primarily done by roads, this increases air pollution + damages environment when new roads are built

Answer 108

- Conserving, protecting + restoring natural ecosystems to boost biodiversity - Utilising technology to reduce harmful emissions from power stations + heavy industries - (e.g. desulphurisation, can extract harmful gases like sulphur dioxide + nitrogen oxide from the chimneys of power stations) - Monitoring + regulating industrial activities to reduce their environmental footprint

Answer 109

Nissan car plant, Sunderland

Answer 110

- Each year, the UK car industry manufactures over 1.5 million cars - Most of these are produced at 7 giant factories owned by TNCs including Nissan, Honda and BMW - Coal manufacturing was not stable in the past due to inefficient engines producing toxic pollutants - The materials used to make the cars were often toxic and difficult to recycle, and the production process was energy intensive - However the situation is very different today

Answer 111

Nissan employs 7,000 people in the Sunderland car plant. It opened in 1986 and produces 500,000+ cars each year. It is highly efficient in the following ways: - 7% of its energy is obtained from wind turbines (10 wind turbines) - New car models are designed to be much more fuel emissions and have tighter restrictions on exhaust gas emissions - The Nissan 'Leaf' is an electric car. Other cars are 'hybrids' using a mixture of petrol + electricity - Cars are designed using materials that can be readily recycled, reducing waste to going landfill - They achieved a 22. 4% reduction in CO2 omissions since 2005

Answer 112

The framework of transport, communications and energy networks, including roads, railways, ports, airports etc

Answer 113

- Rail - Roads - Ports - Airports

Answer 114

- 1.7 billion journeys a year – number of journeys have doubled - Improvements with Crossrail, Channel Tunnel and HS2 - HS2 was meant to be a high-speed rail line between London and Birmingham and then went to Manchester, Leeds and Sheffield

The Changing Economic World Flashcards

(146 cards)