Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards

Question

How fast is the population in Lagos growing?

Answer 1

Lagos is growing about 3.5% a year (=275,000 people)

Answer 2

1. Education 2. Better hospitals 3. Access to clean water 4. Better access to energy 5. Opportunities in music, fashion + art 6. More access to mobile technology 7. Better transport (only need top 3)

Answer 3

Better schools + Universities in Lagos Facts: - University of Lagos (UniLag) produces 10,000 graduates a year - Government provides free edu. for under 10s - 68% children in Lagos have a secondary school edu. - higher in urban areas

Answer 4

Better hospitals - so if you get ill, you are more likely to be able to access treatment Fact: There are major hospitals like the Lagos cardiac hospital

Answer 5

Access to clean water (most of the population) - either piped to their homes from a bone pipe or from a water vender Fact: - Water master plan aims to meet rising water demand - However 60% still don't have access to clean water

Answer 6

1. Construction industry 2. Better well paid jobs 3. Most jobs in tertiary industry 4. Trade

Answer 7

**The construction industry is growing** Fact: Lagos construction industry is worth US $69 billion annually - averaged 10% annual growth

Answer 8

Better well paid jobs in TNC headquarters Fact: Lots of big TNCs have their headquarters in Lagos

Answer 9

Most jobs in tertiary industry - tend to be better paid Fact: 78% of jobs in Lagos are in the tertiary industry - the rest of Nigeria only 55% of jobs in the tertiary industry

Answer 10

An economic activity that is neither taxed nor monitored by a government and is not included in that government's gross national product E.g. babysitting doesn't require paying tax for and the government doesn't track it

Answer 11

- industry - creates jobs - more money - pay more taxes - government improves infrastructure - e.g. education + healthcare - further development - government invests in industrial areas - better transport - so businesses can trade well - so other industries also locate here - profits - pay business tax - gov. invests more in infrastructure - further development

Answer 12

- Infrastructure improves = need good roads, electricity + water for industry to grow = improves Q of L for residents + new industries move there = lots of jobs = workers get new skills - lots of industries = creates international trade, opportunities + lots of jobs = people have more money = spend more money on goods + services = new businesses open and grow international trade creates international opportunities

Answer 13

- job opportunities - more money - to eat - people have qualifications

Answer 14

- dusty + dirty - run down - full of rubbish - crowded - canoe around the water - houses on stilts - slums - broken houses - generators everywhere

Answer 15

- 60% of people in Lagos live in slums - One of the main reasons for this is because the population is growing so fast (3.5%/year) so the government can't build enough houses - The people who migrate to Lagos are ofter quite poor, so can't afford housing

Answer 16

- They are often found on land that people don't want to build on - Either because the land is unstable + marshy or because it floods (it is by the lagoon)

Answer 17

Makoko slum

Answer 18

- **lots of overcrowding:** this is a problem as diseases spread easily - 75% of people's whole household lives in 1 room - **poor water supply:** only 11% of people have piped water so water will be more expensive and diseases can spread quicker - **little to no household facilities:** only 10% of people have a kitchen, bath and a toilet so disease will spread quicker + less employment opportunities if no bath

Answer 19

- teachers - selling food/water/everything - construction work - motorbike taxi - selling on the roads/motorway - rubbish finding + selling

Answer 20

- Only 10% of the population in Lagos have clean piped water - The remaining 90% rely on water vendors or dig wells or boreholes to reach the groundwater - water vendors are more expensive than piped water - it takes time to go and get water - water sitting around can have diseases in them

Answer 21

- There are many open sewers which causes diseases to easily spread - girls also miss out on some education because they don't have access to sanitary products so they can't go to school - Lagos produces 9,000 tons of waste a day - less than 1% of households in Lagos are linked to any closed sewage systems

Answer 22

- Not only for poor people but also for rich people electricity isn't very reliable - there is poor energy infrastructure - some people living in Lagos have to spend 70% of their budget on diesel for generators

Answer 23

- Healthcare and vaccinations available but not always free - investment in healthcare in Lagos is not really keeping up with populations growth - the poorest people living in slums have the least/worst amount of healthcare

Answer 24

- There is only free education up to the age of 9 - but not all parents can afford to send their children to school because they need their children to work - a lot of the buildings are dilapidated, there is also truanting, unmotivated teachers and gangsterism - only 10% of teachers are computer literate

Answer 25

- Many Nigerians are well educated but even they struggle to find good/high paying jobs - a lot of Nigerians cannot afford to be unemployed - it's just that there's not enough jobs for the increasing population - so over 2/3 of jobs are in the informal sector

Answer 26

- Crime rates are really high in Lagos - Some crimes include kidnapping, drug dealing, theft and bribery

Answer 27

- pollution makes people ill so they can't got to work/school + so they have less money + are less productive - pollution makes fish migrate - so fish farmers have less money + food - the poorest people in Lagos are affected by this

Answer 28

- **Cars (fuel)** - releases carbon monoxide - poisons blood - **Generators** (as electricity is unreliable) - releases carbon monoxide - poisons blood - **Waste from electronics** - **Waste** - pollutes water + streets

Answer 29

- particulate matter - carbon monoxide - copper - lead - mercury - plastics

Answer 30

- Traffic is really bad in Lagos - Lagos residents spent an average of 30 hours a week in traffic - This means that people/children lose hours of sleep because they have to get up early to beat the traffic - Air pollution + particulate matter will also be bad in Lagos so their health would be worse - so may miss work/school

Answer 31

- Only 40% of waste is collected so piles and piles of waste is on the street - this means disease spreads, the environment is quite horrible and it smells really bad

Answer 32

- Air pollution is really bad in Lagos - there is air and water pollution from cars, generators, electronics and waste

Answer 33

It is the process of developing + designing urban areas to meet the needs of a community

Answer 34

The Makoko Floating school

Answer 35

- solar panels on the roofs to generate electricity from sunlight - open with natural ventilation - rooftop terrace and classroom - wooden panels shade from sunlight - made from local building materials - green and open space at bottom for playground - rainwater is collected and stored - floating platform rises and falls with sea level

Answer 36

- provides more school spaces for the growing population, 1 school - 60 children - previous school kept flooding - the school rises with the sea so no need to rebuild for rising sea levels - it collects rain water so quick access to fresh water - solar panels create electricity = good for bad power supply usually in Lagos - for growing population in need of jobs = a teacher long term and the construction short time

Answer 37

- poor people still cannot afford to send children to school - need them for work - it is only small scale (only 60 kids) - solar panels rely on sunlight - creates some jobs but not many - the school eventually collapsed + only held classes for about 3 months

Answer 38

The Rapid Bus Transit and Integrated Transport system

Answer 39

- there are separate lanes for buses - 220,000 passengers use it daily so less car usage - reduces time in traffic (by 30%) so days are shorter so more time at work/school or more sleep - less cars on the road so 13% less air pollution and noise pollution - create 2,000 more jobs driving buses so reduces unemployment - better health - improved Q of L

Answer 40

- the single BRT route is not adequate to deal with all of Lagos's congestion problems - Only 380 buses - not enough for 9 million commuters - Many people will still have to use cars - pollution - Population in Lagos is growing so pressure on the system is increasing - Traders + pedestrians often use the designated bus lanes - The system only runs from North to South so only covers part of the city

Answer 41

82% of the UKs population live in cities - we are one of the worlds most urban countries

Answer 42

- Most of the cities are in the north-west, the Midlands and the south east - cities in south east, and the Midlands, are increasing in population, - whereas cities in the north-west were mostly decreasing in population

Answer 43

Where they are reflects the concentration of heavy industry and manufacturing in the past

Answer 44

- London is in the south east of England - it’s on the river Thames - about 45 miles from the East Coast

Answer 45

- Parliament is where laws are made - A lot of the wealth is generated in London (22% percent of UK’s GDP) - A lot of the financial sector of the UK is based in London (banking) - 1/2 of all foreign exchange in the world happens in London - Transport hub - railways + motorways almost all from London. - The World courts of justice is in London, So big court cases are in London - creative industries are in London worth - £35 billion - half of the countries total - London has 15% of the U.K.’s hospital beds and 15 of the countries teaching hospitals

Answer 46

- Transport hub - over 1/2 of all passengers travelling from in the air in the UK currently travel via the five London area airports - lots of tourism - 20 million tourist visited the capital in 2017 spending £13 billion - 380,000 students in London - 28% from overseas - Over 70% of the U.K.’s biggest companies (+TNCs) are located in London + 75% of the worlds top 500 companies have offices in London

Answer 47

- London grew from around 2 million in 1830 to around 8 million today - It grew fastest during the 19th century - After the Second World War, it experienced counter-urbanisation, due to deindustrialisation and other reasons - But since 1990, it has been growing strongly again

Answer 48

- London's population is mostly young people, with the biggest group being age 25 to 29 - Whereas UK's population's biggest age group is 45 to 49

Answer 49

- People in 20s-30s attracted to London for job opportunities and social life - Younger people have kids so higher birth rate - As kids get older, they move out of London for bigger housing - Older people move out as they retire

Answer 50

- London is very culturally diverse - Only 45% of London is White British - 15% are White Other - 12% are South Asian - 13% are black - 5% are mixed - 3% are something else (other) - This makes London the most culturally diverse population in the UK - 37% of Londoners were born outside the UK

Answer 51

- **Internal migration has been negative**; that is the numbers of people moving out of London has been greater than the number of UK residents moving in. This balance has got smaller over time. - **International net migration has always been positive**, so there have always been more foreign born people moving into London than out of it - **Natural Increase** has boosted the population size.

Answer 52

- 1948 Windrush Migration - 1972 Ugandan Asian Crisis - 1992 EU expansion

Answer 53

Caribbean, Indian and Pakistani (etc.) migrants came to the UK to help rebuild bombed cities after the war and also for more staff for jobs

Answer 54

Ugandan Asian community who had UK passports came to the UK because they were expelled from a war-torn Uganda

Answer 55

- EU citizens came to live in the UK after signing a treaty on European integration - This meant that all EU citizens had equal rights to live in any member state they wanted

Answer 56

- 1850 - Irish migration - Irish centre, pubs (Quinns) - Festival called 'Camden Mela' celebrating different cultures + diversity - Greek migrants - greek orthodox church, greek restaurants - Somali cultural centre - French migrants - french school, lots of restaurants These mean that more people can socialise in the newly brought culture, provides new types of education and cuisine

Answer 57

Kings Cross

Answer 58

- **New housing** – 2,000 new homes (37% affordable) - however they didn't let people with alcohol or drug problems in - **Schooling** – 5,000 University staff + students are at UAL - **Cultural opportunities** – recreation + entertainment: leisure centre, restaurants, green spaces - **Integrated transport system** – trains + tubes – can get all over the UK from King's Cross as well as Europe and London - **There is a large cultural mix**

Answer 59

- created many new jobs - e.g. Google and Youtube (TNCs)

Answer 60

Urban greening: - Green spaces - Green walls - 11,000 m² of green/brown roofs completed - 200 m of green wall planted - 11 Heritage structures refurbished to date - 81% of public waste is recycled - Combined heat + power (CHP) will eventually provide 99% of heat and hot water demand - 10 new public parks and squares - 40% of the redevelopment is green space

Answer 61

A process of renewing an area which causes property prices to rise and so lower income families and small businesses are forced out

Answer 62

- There are now new businesses like Google, which are locating in Kings Cross, - the creation of jobs and wealth for people improves quality of life - There are 35,000 office workers - This also creates the multiplier effect, so more businesses set up here so even more jobs are created.

Answer 63

- new schools - education for local children - 4,000 school places - will be able to get a higher paid job later

Answer 64

- 2,000 new homes built - 37% affordable - provides living space for a socially mixed community in a central area in a city that has a growing population + a housing problem - however, the majority of housing is very expensive so increasing inequalities in the area

Answer 65

- It is easier to travel to places so less time is spent getting to work or school - Eg. In KX, There are new transport links like the Eurostar, so you can get to Europe from London, as well as all over London and the UK

Answer 66

- New, open and green spaces - This improves people's mental + physical health - This provides recreation + leisure space for the local population as well as attracting more visitors - this is especially important for families/people who previously didn't have access to green/open spaces - e.g. in KX an estimated 450,000 visited in 2020 - they will spend money which will create jobs and wealth for the local people - Green walls also reduce the CO2 in the atmosphere so the air is cleaner/less polluted so health problems decrease. This also reduces global warming from CO2 - trees and plants absorb water which reduces the risk of urban flooding

Answer 67

- **social:** inequalities in housing, education + health - **economic:** inequality in employment - **environmental:** dereliction, air pollution, building on brownfield/greenfield sites + waste disposal

Answer 68

- 2 million people in London live in poverty - London is the most unequal city in the developed world

Answer 69

- The ‘right to buy’ scheme means that much housing has the most vulnerable/in need residents who can’t afford the other housing. - Old housing is then being cleared and replaced with modern housing but it’s often too expensive for formal residence forcing them to leave. - fact: So-called ‘out of area’ placements where homeless people and families are forced out of the area have increased from 11% to 28%

Answer 70

- Many children in deprived areas leave school without basic qualifications leading to low incomes and high unemployment - fact: in deprived areas surrounding Kings Cross around 20% of the population have no qualifications

Answer 71

- in deprived areas there are is generally poor health due to poor housing, poor mental health and unhealthy lifestyles - a poor diet, alcohol and smoking is more likely in deprived areas - fact: life expectancy for men in the Somerstown neighbourhood next to KX is 10 years less than in wealthy parts of the borough

Answer 72

- in deprived areas, there is high unemployment leading to low wealth, so a lower quality of life - fact: in KX, 30% of people are unemployed whereas outside/around Kings Cross 50% of people are unemployed

Answer 73

- As the warehouses and the railways closed down, many buildings were left abandoned - These derelict buildings were vandalised - This happened in the 1980s in King's Cross

Answer 74

- As cities grow and more people have cars, there is more air pollution mainly particular matter - This causes poor health - fact: around 2 million people in London live in areas that continually exceed the legal limits for pollution, including 400,000 children and around 1 in 5 state primary schools.

Answer 75

- With more people, there is more waste and our old sewers cannot cope - London has a super sewer

Answer 76

The expansion of human populations away from central urban areas into low-density, car-dependent communities It is also known as sub urbanisation

Answer 77

- Urban sprawl can lead to traffic congestion as commuters come to work in the city. - It can lead a loss of habitats as more land is built on - councils may move social housing to these areas as land is cheaper. - These people may find it harder to get to their work which is often in the centre of cities, they can also cause problems for the small towns that grow and become part of the rural urban fringe - it can change the character of the small town want to move there, house prices rise which can force the original residence to move - however, it can improve the facilities of services in these areas so lead to economic growth here - Fact: London’s greenbelt where there are strict planning controls was designed in 1974 to limit sprawl

Answer 78

- As the greenbelt has limited the growth of cities, and house prices in London continue to rise. - It has lead to growth of commuter towns. - This can cause challenges as many of the population live each day to work so businesses in the area suffer as people often spend their money where they work with and where they live. - it can also lead to same problems caused by urban sprawl. - However, there can be some benefits to service and facilities as population grow here

Answer 79

- The UK is short of suitable housing - Approximately 3 million new homes are needed by 2030 - They need to be built somewhere - The options are using Brownfield sites or greenfield sites

Answer 80

- Often on disused or derelict land - Are valuable as existing buildings can be split up into more homes on any one site - Mostly available in the north and Midlands (but most housing demand is in the South east) - The site has already been developed so reduces urban sprawl - Use unsightly areas for building development, so improve the urban environment - Are found in urban areas so building housing there reduces demand on car use - Are more expensive to build on as often the land needs to be cleared first e.g. if land is contaminated from previous industrial use

Answer 81

- Are sites which have not previously been built on – this includes the greenbelt land around cities - Are cheaper to build on - Are not favoured by environmentalists as it encourages urban sprawl - Will mean that countryside is built on - Encourages commuting and traffic congestion as people travel into urban areas from the countryside

Answer 82

- Lack of job opportunities, - people who live there, often had low education levels - the area had nearly 2x the level of unemployment as the rest of London - severe overcrowding - the people living in the area didn’t have the money to invest in the area so declined - a drug crime + prostitution problem so wealthy people start to move out, leaving only low income people who had nowhere to go - derelict land - abandoned buildings - contaminated land

Answer 83

- 200m of green walls, - 50 new buildings, - 2000 new homes, - 35,000 jobs - 10 new public parks and squares - 40% is green space

Answer 84

A process in which a previously functioning city or area, falls into disrepair and disuse

Answer 85

It is the kind of development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs This development needs to be both socially, economically + environmentally sustainable

Answer 86

Only as much water should be taken from the environment as can be naturally replaced Water conservation schemes reduce the amount of water used: - Collecting rainwater for gardens or for flushing toilets - installing toilets that flush less - installing water meters so people have to pay for the water they use - encouraging people to use less water e.g. turning off taps when not in use

Answer 87

**Curitiba:** - the government has introduced policies to promote sustainable water use - including the installation of water metres in homes and hose pipe bans the city also has separate systems for non-drinking water so less drinking water is wasted - their water consumption is around 1/2 of other Latin American cities **London:** - education campaigns for people to turn off taps - increasing use of water butts to collect water - hose pipe bands in summer - water meter is compulsory in UK

Answer 88

Burning fossil fuels to generate power isn't sustainable bc they'll run out - also contributes to climate change by producing ggs These schemes reduce the use of fossil fuels by: - promoting renewable energy (wind/solar) instead of coal or gas - making homes energy efficient e.g. electricity from renewable sources - solar - all new homes meet minimum efficiency requirements - encouraging people to reduce car use e.g. public transport

Answer 89

**Curitiba:** - integrated transport strategy with dedicated bus lanes 'green line' - there is also a scheme to replace all the cities street lights with energy efficient bulbs - The city gets 84% of its energy from hydroelectric power **London:** - people have energy/smart meters in homes to see how much energy is used and the price - increasing use of solar panels - congestion/ULEZ zones installation - encouraging bikes

Answer 90

Cities can be noisy, dirty, busy and hot – they are unsustainable because people find them unpleasant and stressful. Green spaces ensures that they remain places where people want to live because they: - are naturally cooler areas to relax in heat - encourage exercise = healthier + less stress - make you happier - a break from noise of city environmental benefits: - reduce air pollution creating cleaner air - reduce risk of flooding - reduces surface runoff when it rains

Answer 91

**Curitiba:** - urban parks reduces flood risk + improves recreation facilities - pedestrianised center - there are 28 parks in the city including the 1.4 million m squared park design to absorb flood water **London:** - 40% of KX is open green space - there are lots of green walls

Answer 92

Recycling means fewer resources are used and less waste is produced and reduces the amount going into landfill. Waste recycling schemes include: - kerbside collections of recyclable materials - building recycling facilities to deal with larger items e.g. fridges - websites where items are offered for free so they can use by others instead of being thrown away

Answer 93

**Curitiba:** - recycling where 70% of waste is recycled + they collect 100% of waste - the green exchange is where residents received 1 kg of food or bus tickets for every 4 kg of recyclable waste collected - this means that 6800 tons of waste is collected each year **London:** has a recycling policy

Answer 94

**Curitiba:** - Poor people can get tickets using the 'green exchange', where they swap recycling for a bus ticket. This means the buses are affordable for everyone so is socially sustainable - The buses have their own lane so it is very efficient to get on a bus from one place to another. This means people take less time from place to place - The buses are very big and carry 4,000 people a day (one bus) so many people can use them **London:** - Oyster cards mean that journeys are sped up because you tap in and out. However they aren't perfect because they sometimes don't work - Congestion zones reduce emissions because you have to pay for them - Freedom passes, zip cards etc. make transportation more affordable

Urban Issues and Challenges Flashcards

(122 cards)