The Challenge of Resource Management Flashcards

Question

Where are areas of food scarcity/deficit and areas of food surplus? and why?

Answer 1

**Scarcity/deficit:** **Surplus:** - Europe - North America - Oceania **Why?:** Countries with less extreme climate (have water, light, warmth) and lower relief are able to grow food more

Answer 2

**Scarcity/deficit:** 30° North + South - areas of high pressure **Surplus:** Areas of low pressure except where there is economic water scarcity **Why?:** - Physical water scarcity = high pressure areas – so sinking air – so clouds don't form – so no rain – so no water - Areas of low pressure – ???????????????

Answer 3

**Scarcity/deficit:** **Surplus:** Wealthy countries **Why?:** - wealthy countries can afford to import energy if they don't have any in country - they can afford to access their own energy - but they need reserves of coal, oil + gas

Answer 4

- The UK has got quite a lot of resources (food, energy, water) - There are sources of oil, coal, gas and renewable energy in the UK - There is quite a lot of rain especially in the west of the UK - The UK produces quite a lot of food

Answer 5

- We eat more high value foods - We eat less seasonal food - We eat more organic food

Answer 6

- **globalisation**- the UK can trade goods + food can be moved, technology has improved to transport goods - **increased wealth** - the UK can afford more expensive food + has improved technology - **education**- people want to eat organic food

Answer 7

- 11% of carbon emissions from the UK are due to food transportation - Transportation is often by plane or lorry – this may use fossil fuels to generate energy so this increases carbon emissions so carbon footprint increases

Answer 8

- use a greenhouse to grow exotic foods/non seasonal foods - avoid plane moved food - shipped - stop eating non-seasonal food

Answer 9

- The **energy required in production for out of season food is much higher than importing food** from far away foreign countries - as the emissions generated to heat and light greenhouses locally is much higher than transport emissions from importing from abroad (however is good if the locally produced food is in season) - **Loss of jobs in LICs** - many countries rely on or are provided with valuable income from food miles - so, by using locally produced food, it can potentially create loss of jobs/income for people in LICs (however this does increase the no. of jobs for farmers in the UK) - **Expensive for consumer** - the cost of heating, labour costs and fertilisers have all increased in price in the UK – this makes the food grown here more expensive and can lead to food insecurity - important because of the cost of living crisis

Answer 10

- Roughly 83% of food emissions come from production whereas only 11% of it comes from transport/food miles - Only 4% of CO2 produced comes from transporting food. e.g. in Sweden, locally grown tomatoes produce 3.9kg of CO2 whereas those imported from Spain only produce 0.8kg

Answer 11

- Poorer countries like Kenya rely on agriculture for over 1/2 of their trade - Beans from Kenya are produced in a highly environmentally-friendly manner e.g. nothing is mechanised and they use cow muck as fertiliser

Answer 12

- Food costs are now 30% higher - In 2024, nearly 10 million adults + children lived in households struggling to afford or access sufficient food

Answer 13

- The field size has increased so large scale machinery can be used, which will grow more crops and therefore make more profits - More chemicals are used so it increases in size + number of yield (however more chemicals end up in rivers) - Number of workers are falling so costs come down so food is cheaper

Answer 14

- Money generated - More efficient - Quicker and cheaper - Makes more food - Helps with cost of living crisis - Farms make more money, pay tax, government makes more money to invest

Answer 15

- less jobs - more chemicals - less organic - loss of ecosystems (bulldozing hedgerows) - heavy machinery compacts soil so increases flooding - pollution of rivers from chemicals - energy intensive

Answer 16

Generally, the positives of agribusinesses are economic, whereas the negatives of agribusinesses are mainly environmental

Answer 17

The demand for water in the UK has increased by 70% since 1985

Answer 18

- **The population of the UK is increasing** – 66 million people live in the UK - **Increased household use** – more appliances – household use of water has increased by 70% since 1975 - **Population density is increasing**

Answer 19

- industry - chemicals - oil - spills or run off from roads/motorways - rubbish - fertilisers + chemicals from farms

Answer 20

- microbacteria + sewage can spread infectious diseases which can then be caught by fish, animals and humans - pesticides kill important parts of the ecosystem - toxic waste in water can be transferred to humans in shellfish or fish that has absorbed toxins and then is eaten by humans - more fertilisers lead to increased nutrients in water -if there are nutrients in the water, algae grows quickly over the surface of the water, blocking sunlight for plants in water beneath so they die = eutrophication - fisherman + workers in the tourist industry who rely on clean water suffers the most from a lack of clean water

Answer 21

the process when fertilisers go into water (which makes plants grow) - so algae grows very quickly over the surface of the water, blocking sunlight for plants + water beneath - so sunlight cannot get into water, so plants cannot photosynthesise, so die - bc of less photosynthesis, there is less oxygen in the water, so fish die

Answer 22

- building better treatment plans and investing in new infrastructure - green roofs and walls - legislation

Answer 23

they prevent spills and leakages

Answer 24

changes are often expensive and these costs are often put onto the consumer increasing the cost of water

Answer 25

- buildings often have green roofs – naturally filters out the pollutants in rainwater - they reduce the risk of flooding by reducing run-off - they reduce climate change by increasing absorbing of CO2 - they provide habitat

Answer 26

- more expensive than regular roofs - require more maintenance - heavier – may require retrofitting to cope with extra load

Answer 27

- UK has strict laws which insures that factories and farms are limited in the amount and type of chemicals they put into rivers - water companies which provide drinking water and sewage systems have clear regulations and penalties

Answer 28

- They have to be enforced – regular checks needed - fines – may not deter – if changes are more expensive

Answer 29

- the west of the UK has the most water - especially in the west and centre of Scotland - Wales (mainly the west) has a lot of rain

Answer 30

- south-east + east of UK - the midlands

Answer 31

- increased population density - increased population - increased household usage

Answer 32

Elan Valley Water Transfer Scheme

Answer 33

Mid Wales in the Elan Valley to Birmingham

Answer 34

- It has a deep narrow valley to hold the water in - so it is easier to build a dam across it - it has impermeable rock so the water doesn't leak away - it has a high annual rainfall of 1830 mm - the area is higher than Birmingham, so the water can flow using gravity rather than pumps - Birmingham has an increasing population

Answer 35

- Dams are expensive – (£6 million for Elan Valley) - large areas of land is flooded – people are relocated – habits damaged - affects fish migration HOWEVER: - they provide water for people in population - if using dam for HEP, can produce clean energy - reservoir = tourism + sport

Answer 36

- The supply of electricity fluctuated between 1985 and 2015 - In 1985 coal was the main source used to generate electricity, supplying over 60% - By 2015, gas had become the number one source used to generate electricity - The rapid increase in the use of gas having started in 1992

Answer 37

- just under half the energy was from coal - the rest was mostly oil - very little, but a bit of gas and nuclear

Answer 38

- UK had many coal mines – cheap - not yet discovered North Sea - gas technology didn't exist OR was very expensive

Answer 39

- a larger mix of energy resources - little bit of coal (less) - relatively a lot of oil but not too much - lots of gas (more) - more but still a small amount of nuclear - tiny amount of HEP + other renewables

Answer 40

- Not reliant on one source - coal ran out - coal doesn't burn cleanly - air pollution - discovered North Sea gas - new technology + cheaper renewables - bit more climate aware – so more renewables

Answer 41

- Oil + gas in North Sea now reduced - it is estimated that gas will last another 50 years - coal supplies have also declined - there is coal left - BUT in 2015, UK shut its last deep coal mine - AND in 2024, the UK is to become one of the first countries in the world to ban new coal mines

Answer 42

- coal was found to have particulate matter in it so was dirtier than other energy - many coal mines were shut down

Answer 43

- Fracking uses high-pressure water mixed with chemicals to shatter shale rocks + release natural gas - The gas is then piped to the surface - Electricity can be generated from this - Fracking makes it possible to produce natural gas in shale areas that were once unreachable with conventional technologies - Horizontal drilling allows for the injection of highly pressurised fracking fluids into the shale area. - This creates new channels within the rock from which natural gas is extracted at higher than traditional rates.

Answer 44

maria sent pic

Answer 45

- Creation of jobs directly - in support industries and in the manufacture of equipment - You can bring more money and jobs into an area – most effective

Answer 46

- Non-renewable so unsustainable. Eventually, the economic cost will be too high or they'll run out - Miners often suffer job related diseases, which incur costs to the health service - Costs increase to deal with effects of climate change and adaptation to it

Answer 47

Carbon captive storage (CCS) is more efficient but expensive

Answer 48

- Carbon dioxide is released which contributes to climate change and acid rain - Oil spills can devastate wildlife and sea life - There is visual pollution from coal waste heaps and unsightly opencast coal mines - Fracking for shale gas can cause groundwater pollution and earthquakes

Answer 49

- Creates jobs in research and development for new technologies in the nuclear power industry - After the initial investment, energy generated by nuclear power is seen to be cheaper

Answer 50

- Nuclear plants are expensive to build and decommission, but the raw material (uranium) is cheap as small amounts are used - Cost to transport and store nuclear waste is high

Answer 51

Nuclear power is considered to be cleaner and less polluting than energy generated by fossil fuels

Answer 52

- Waste remains radioactive for over 100 years and has to be stored safely to avoid contamination - Despite a good safety record, nuclear accidents release radiation into the atmosphere which has long-term impacts on wildlife and people

Answer 53

Many jobs are created in the manufacture of solar panels and wind turbines along with jobs in research and development

Answer 54

- Renewable energy has high set up costs such as wind turbines, solar farms, hydroelectric dams and tidal power stations. Costs rise further in remote areas - Biomass means land is not used for food production so may increase the cost of food - Tourism declines as environments lose their visual appeal, results in job and income loss - Low profitability is a concern

Answer 55

- They produce much lower carbon emissions - Land use for sitting wind turbines can also support other uses, such as farming and leisure activities - Offshore wind turbines can act as an artificial reef, creating habitats for marine wildlife

Answer 56

- Many renewables are considered ugly and ruin the views in both the countryside and on the coast - Wind turbines can affect bird migration and bat life - HE dams flood land upstream of it, changing the landscape and wildlife. Water held behind it changes temperature, affecting the ecology. Sediment is trapped by the dam. - Geothermal energy is limited to tectonically active countries like USA + Iceland - Biomass decreases biodiversity as only one crop is grown

Answer 57

As we extract more and more fossil fuels, we have to dig deeper to access them

Answer 58

They are unsustainable and finite, so the less we have the more expensive they will be

Answer 59

Carbon dioxide - greenhouse gas

Answer 60

Releases CO2 – a greenhouse gas – increases greenhouse gas layer – traps heat from sun – increasing temperatures

Answer 61

Devastate wildlife and sea life

Answer 62

It remains radioactive for 100+ years so has to be stored safely to avoid contamination

Answer 63

Risk of nuclear disasters – radiation into atmosphere – can damage wildlife and people

Answer 64

Nuclear plants are expensive to build + decommission + costs to transport + store nuclear waste is high

Answer 65

It is less polluting – doesn't produce CO2

Answer 66

Considered ugly – visual pollution

Answer 67

- It was formed by the decomposition of living organisms deposited on the seabed and buried millions of years ago - Trapped deep below the ground within shale deposits - It is extracted and transported - Primarily to power industry and to generate electricity

Answer 68

It is a form of natural gas found in shale rock and is extracted using the fracking process where rocks are fractured and injected with water and chemicals to extract the gas

Answer 69

Primarily to power industry and to generate electricity

Answer 70

- Hydrocarbons are organic compounds made entirely of hydrogen and carbon atoms - They are the primary components of fossil fuels like coal, natural gas and petroleum

Answer 71

Russia, Iran and Qatar

Answer 72

- natural gas is significantly ‘cleaner’ than coal or oil, with 45% less carbon emissions than coal and 30% less than oil - It does not create waste (such as coal ash) - It disperses quickly in the air if there is a leak, whereas oil leaks can be hugely damaging to the environment - Produces electricity clean cheaply - Easily transported + distributed by pipeline, direct to users - Versatile in that it can be used for heating and cooking - Huge global reserves - The large workforce requires employing over 1.2 million people worldwide - Gas is more abundant than other forms of fossil fuels + with shale gas from fracking, the amounts available are increasing

Answer 73

- Leakages can result in explosions or fires; gas is toxic and harmful to human health - Greenhouse gases (especially carbon dioxide + methane) are released, contributing to climate change + global warming - Fracking is controversial and has been linked to causing some small earthquakes, ground subsidence and water pollution - It is naturally odourless, so can be undetected unless in odorant is artificially added - Infrastructure (pipelines) are expensive to construct + maintain + can be environmentally damaging - Political issues can disrupt transportation, particularly from Russia to the West

Answer 74

It means having a **reliable, uninterrupted and affordable** supply of energy available

Answer 75

Generally in Europe, the Middle East, North America and Australia = HICs

Answer 76

Generally central and southern Africa and some parts of Southeast Asia = LICs

Answer 77

How much energy a country uses

Answer 78

- Highest consumption is generally in HICs, particularly larger countries, where many countries use more than 150 million Btu/person/year. - This is because as wealth increases, so does energy demand, so people have access to more technology that uses energy and car ownership increases, increasing energy consumption, on top of this more people are likely to fly on a regular basis and this uses a lot of energy.

Answer 79

- Consumption is fairly high in NEEs where many countries use more than 25 million Btu/person/year - This is because the energy infrastructure of NEEs is increasing as countries develop, so they have more access to energy, so the energy consumption is higher. They have a larger industrial sector of factories, so energy is needed to power the factories.

Answer 80

- Consumption is generally low in LICs, where many countries use less than 5 million Btu/person/year - This is because most peoples jobs here are subsistence farming so use less energy as the farming is done by hand, without using machinery so decreases energy consumption

Answer 81

- **Population growth** – global population predicted 10 billion by 2050 - **Global economic wealth is increasing** – people are coming richer so have more money to spend on things or appliances that use energy e.g. buy cars instead of cycling/public transport - **New technology** e.g. dishwashers are used much more frequently, instead of always washing dishes by hand

Answer 82

- in LICs and NEEs, especially in Africa - however, in some HICs, energy consumption is actually falling

Answer 83

- Energy mainly comes from places with fossil fuel reserves - It is down to geological luck if a country has fossil fuel reserves - So it is more likely that there will be fossil fuel reserves in larger countries - They also need the money to exploit/extract them

Answer 84

- physical factors - technological factors - economic factors - political factors

Answer 85

- Unequal distribution of fossil fuels in the world – some countries have fewer resources than others and some resources are harder to access e.g. Antarctic oil - Fossil fuels are non-renewable so supplies will run out eventually - Variations in climate and geography affect the potential for use of solar, wind, HEP, wave and tidal power - The likelihood of natural disasters that could damage energy infrastructure affects what energy sources can be developed and used - Harsh climate or mountainous terrain may make it difficult to access resources - In 2005, hurricane Katrina affected oil production and refining in the Gulf of Mexico. Oil + petrol prices rose. 10 days later production was still only 42% of normal level - Geothermal heating meets the heating and hot water requirements of approximately 87% of all buildings in Iceland

Answer 86

- Some countries are unable to exploit their energy resources as the technology required is unavailable or too expensive - Niger has large uranium reserves but does not have the technology to develop nuclear power plants - Some oil reserves in the USA are trapped in rocks and do not flow freely - Fracking allows countries to access shale gas sites in their country - When fossil fuels are difficult to reach, new technology is needed to access it

Answer 87

- The non-renewable energy sources that are left in the world are becoming more difficult to reach, so are more costly to extract - Prices of fossil fuels such as oil and gas are very volatile – they can vary a great deal due to complex economic and political factors. Countries that rely on energy imports might not always be able to afford them - Some LICs may have potential energy sources but cannot afford to exploit them - The cost of building new energy infrastructure (e.g. new nuclear power stations, wind farms, solar powered technology) can be very high

Answer 88

- Wars and political instability in countries with large energy reserves can affect their ability to export their resources, e.g. during the Gulf War (1990-1991) exports of oil from the Middle East decreased - Climate change linked to burning fossil fuels has resulted in international agreements (e.g. the Kyoto protocol) to reduce the amount of CO2 emissions. In some countries this means that they can't burn fossil fuels as much as they used to - Concerns over the safety of nuclear power and nuclear waste disposal have resulted in stricter regulations. This means it's become harder to build nuclear power stations to generate electricity

Answer 89

- Exploration of difficult + environmentally sensitive areas - Increased use of renewables - Increased economic costs - Decrease of food production - Reduction in industrial output

Answer 90

Because countries are desperate for energy so are forced to go into these areas

Answer 91

(Context: US is considering going into an area called ANWR (in Alaska) as they previously relied on Prudhoe Bay but is running out) - Oil spills could happen – bad as environmentally sensitive and has 200 species living there - Major decline in Caribou (deer) – migration pack patterns are disturbed by pipelines - Denning polar bears are sensitive to industrial activity, so leave dens, so leave their cubs alone – so numbers decrease

Answer 92

(Context: US is considering going into an area called ANWR (in Alaska) as they previously relied on Prudhoe Bay but is running out) - 500,000 jobs available for ANWR - Only considering exploring 8% of ANWR - Not importing oil – so cheaper than from importing

Answer 93

Running out of fossil fuel so using other resources – renewables

Answer 94

- Very high set up costs - Takes up lots of space - Unaesthetically pleasing – NIMBYism - Dependent on climate/geography

Answer 95

- After set up cost, low production costs - Low greenhouse gas emissions - Increased energy supply – new energy created – lower dependency on fossil fuels

Answer 96

Energy insecure – so imports more energy – which costs more

Answer 97

- Vulnerable to fluctuating prices - Vulnerable to energy being overpriced - Countries may spend money on extracting fossil fuels from an environmentally sensitive area – more expensive - Less energy = increased demand = more expensive - Cost of living increases = lower quality of life - Could lead to fuel poverty (when energy is more than 10% of household income)

Answer 98

Reduces demand – people are more careful with how they use their energy

Answer 99

The land that could be used for food production is being used for biofuel

Answer 100

- rising food prices - both food + energy prices rise so poorer people really struggle + may become malnourished - farmers struggle from loss of land - all of the costs of biofuels (e.g. reduces biodiversity as only 1 crop being farmed)

Answer 101

- biofuel reduces energy insecurity - other benefits of biofuel

Answer 102

There is energy insecurity so there is not enough energy to support industry

Answer 103

- Leads to a loss of jobs - Reduces the country's GDP - Energy is more expensive to buy – so industrial output increases more - Price of good rises

Answer 104

makes people less consumeristic

Answer 105

there is a competition for energy

Answer 106

- Leads to higher prices - E.g. in China + the UK, they produce the same amount of goods (steel) but China sells it for cheaper – so leads to unfair competition because people would want to buy the cheaper one

Answer 107

- can end up with a compromise - e.g. Egypt and Ethiopia share HEP from river Nile

Answer 108

- Biomass - Wind - Solar - HEP - Tidal - Wave - Geothermal

Answer 109

Wood – most people in LIC's main form of energy - biodiesel, ethanol, and methane – from decomposing landfill sites - this is either burned or captured and used

Answer 110

- Cheap to produce - Helps tropical countries to generate its own energy (e.g. Brazil uses biomass) - Carbon neutral as plants take in CO2 as they grow - Bioethanol can replace oil in transport

Answer 111

- deforestation (biggest issue) - can lead to food insecurity

Answer 112

electricity generated by the power of the wind

Answer 113

- Doesn't produce CO2 - Can be offshore – doesn't take up space - Won't run out – renewable - No harmful polluting gases are produced

Answer 114

- takes up a lot of space - NIMBYism - noisy + may spoil the view for people living near them - if there is no wind, there is no electricity.

Answer 115

electricity generated by the power of the sun

Answer 116

- Benefits countries along the tropics (many LICs) - Won't run out - Doesn't release CO2 - After initial set up cost – relatively cheap to run

Answer 117

- takes up a lot of space - NIMBYism - only work in very sunny places - do not work at night

Answer 118

electricity generated by downward movement of water

Answer 119

- doesn't produce GG - after initial set up cost, cheap energy - reservoir can create tourist opportunities - dams can reduce the risk of flooding

Answer 120

- Reservoirs take up a lot of space - NIMBYism - land is flooded for reservoir - in tropical countries, reservoirs can increase malaria risk - Affects fish migration patterns - Climate change will make rainfall patterns change so decreases reliability and HEP potential

Answer 121

converts energy from tides into electricity

Answer 122

- doesn't release CO2 - reliable

Answer 123

- negative environmental impacts - only possible for countries with a coastline - tidal barrages can affect habitats - very expensive

Answer 124

generating electricity from the motion of passing waves

Answer 125

- doesn't take up space on land - doesn't release CO2

Answer 126

technology hasn't been fully developed yet

Answer 127

Thermal energy that is generated and stored in the Earth. It is tapped by drilling holes deep into the earths crust.

Answer 128

- Cost-effective - Reliable - Sustainable - Environmentally friendly - Provides hot water to residential areas

Answer 129

- only limited to tectonically active areas - cannot be used in transport

Answer 130

- The remains of living things layered up over millions of years - Coal – remains of plants - Oil + gas – remains of sea animals - Lots of heat and pressure = fossil fuels

Answer 131

- They are cheap to turn into energy - They produce large amounts of energy and are reliable (not reliant on the weather) - They are known technologies so we already have the infrastructure in place to use them - They can easily be stored and transported so they can be used when they are needed

Answer 132

- Environmental damage – coal produces particulate matter which is not good for human health - Climate change – they produce CO2 when they are burnt which is a greenhouse gas – so the GHG layer gets thicker trapping more heat. So climates warm further - Reserves will run out and become too difficult to extract

Answer 133

- Uranium is the fuel used in a process called nuclear fission - This process creates lots of heat, which is then used to raise the steam that drives the electric turbines

Answer 134

- doesn't release CO2 - creates jobs in research + development - 1 kg of nuclear fuel produces millions of times more energy than 1 kg of coal

Answer 135

- Radioactive waste has to be stored for thousands of years - Nuclear disasters are extremely serious - It is very expensive - It is expensive to decommission

Answer 136

- meeting our own needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs - it must be beneficial socially, economically and environmentally

Answer 137

- using fossil fuels effectively - developing renewable energy - consuming less by being more efficient or conserving energy - causing less damage to the environment - being affordable to all (LICs/HICs)

Answer 138

- buy things second hand - use less public transport - energy meters - reduce/ buy less products - switch off appliances - buy locally sourced food + goods - go vegan - solar panels an roof ALWAYS END EXPLAINATIONS: … so less CO2 is emitted

Answer 139

- they are a measure of the amount of greenhouse gases that an individual produces - they include direct emissions and indirect emission

Answer 140

those produced from things that we use - e.g. from using appliances, travelling in the car

Answer 141

those produced making things that we buy e.g. emiss ions created to make our clothes or grow our food

Answer 142

they are not the same, even though people often use them to mean the same thing

Answer 143

this is the use of manufacturing techniques and technology to produce things that use less energy for the same result

Answer 144

This is the practice that results in less energy being used

Answer 145

- turn off lights when leaving a room - Use LED lights - Switch to energy efficient appliances. - Unplug devices when not use - Keep the thermostat at low temperature - Reduce water consumption. - Put in loft insulation - switch to double glazing - Cook with the lid on. - Use a smart meter to track usage - Wash at a cold temperature - Use solar powered devices ALWAYS END WITH: … so you have to use less fossil fuels

Answer 146

By insulating your home, you can reduce the amount of energy you use by 10%

Answer 147

- businesses can invest in renewable energies (such as the wind farm at the Nissan car plant in Sunderland). - Businesses can also look at energy conservation in their buildings by having sensors that detect if people are in rooms and shutting down computers and lights when people are not. - Businesses can also reduce temperatures in the workplace by lowering the thermostat and use low energy lighting

Answer 148

– Electric vehicles do not have to burn fossil fuels. They can be run using renewable energy to create electricity – investing in public transport so it is more frequent and goes to more places so more people use it and are moved using less energy (Curitiba and rapid bus system in Nigeria).

The Challenge of Resource Management Flashcards

(180 cards)