The Clinical Impact of Chronic Kidney Disease Flashcards
What is CKD?
CKD is characterized by the gradual decline in kidney function over months to years, leading to a build-up of waste and fluids in the body.
Common
What is acute kidney disease?
Less common and usually treatable if detected early.
What is the function of the kidneys?
Kidneys filter blood to remove waste products.
They maintain fluid and electrolyte balance by adjusting urine composition.
Regulate blood pressure by controlling blood volume.
Release hormones.
Metabolic waste eliminated.
Release erythropoitin for red blood cell production.
Maintain pH balance.
From beginning to end describe the structure of the nephron?
Renal corpuscle
Proximal convoluted tubule
Loop of henle
Distal convoluted tubule
Collecting dust
What are the parts of the renal corpuscle?
Glomerulus
Bowman’s capsule
What is the glomerulus?
A network of capillaries where blood filtration occurs. It is surrounded by Bowman’s capsule, which collects the filtrate.
What is the Bowman’s capsule?
A double-walled cup-shaped structure surrounding the glomerulus.
It collects the filtrate that is initially formed during filtration.
What is the proximal convoluted tubule?
The filtrate moves from Bowman’s capsule into the PCT.
What are the parts of the loop of henle?
Descending and ascending limb
What is the descending limb?
Permeable to water but not to ions. Water is reabsorbed passively, concentrating the filtrate.
What is the ascending limb?
Impermeable to water but actively transports ions (sodium, chloride) out of the filtrate, creating a concentration gradient in the surrounding interstitial fluid.
What is the distal convoluted tubule?
The filtrate travels from the loop of Henle into the DCT.
What is the collecting duct?
The DCT empties into the collecting duct, which passes through the renal medulla and collects urine from multiple nephrons.
What is glomerular filtration controlled by?
The balance between hydrostatic pressure in the glomerular capillaries, oncotic pressure in the blood plasma, and the permeability of the glomerular filtration barrier.
Regulated by factors such as renal autoregulation, sympathetic nervous system activity, and hormonal influences like angiotensin II and prostaglandins.
What is filtration pressure?
Capillary pressure – Bowman’s capsule pressure
What is the Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR)?
Assumes free passage of water and small molecules
The volume of plasma filtered through the glomerulus per unit time
Corrected for body surface area
How to calculate glomerular filtration rate?
Volume of plasma cleared / unit time (min) / 1.73m2
What is creatinine?
Creatinine is a waste product produced by muscles from the breakdown of creatine, and it is filtered out of the blood by the kidneys and excreted in urine.
Where is creatinine synthesised?
Liver
What does creatinine production depend on?
Liver function
Muscle mass
Muscle catabolism