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The Development of the Civil Rights Movement Flashcards

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1
Q

Little Rock Crisis (1957)

A

A confrontation over the integration of Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas, where Governor Faubus used the National Guard to block Black students.

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2
Q

Eisenhower’s Civil Rights Acts (1957, 1960)

A

Early federal civil rights laws aimed at protecting African American voting rights, though largely ineffective.

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3
Q

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) (1957–60)

A

A civil rights organization founded by Martin Luther King Jr. that promoted nonviolent protest.

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4
Q

Freedom Rides (1961)

A

Interracial bus trips challenging segregation in interstate travel, provoking violent responses and federal intervention.

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5
Q

Albany Movement (1961–62)

A

A desegregation campaign in Albany, Georgia, marked by SNCC-led protests that met strong local resistance.

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6
Q

Birmingham Campaign (1963)

A

A series of nonviolent protests in Birmingham, Alabama, that highlighted police brutality and garnered national attention.

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7
Q

March on Washington (1963)

A

A massive civil rights demonstration where MLK delivered his iconic ‘I Have a Dream’ speech.

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8
Q

Civil Rights Act (1964)

A

Landmark federal legislation that outlawed segregation and discrimination in public facilities and employment.

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9
Q

Selma Voting Rights Movement (1965)

A

A campaign to secure voting rights for African Americans, marked by the violent events of Bloody Sunday.

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10
Q

Voting Rights Act (1965)

A

Federal law that eliminated barriers such as literacy tests and poll taxes, greatly expanding Black voting rights.

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11
Q

Martin Luther King Jr.

A

Civil rights leader known for his advocacy of nonviolence and leadership in key protests and marches.

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12
Q

Thurgood Marshall

A

NAACP lawyer who successfully argued Brown v. Board of Education and later became the first Black Supreme Court Justice.

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13
Q

Orval Faubus

A

Arkansas Governor who opposed school desegregation by deploying the National Guard during the Little Rock Crisis.

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14
Q

President Dwight D. Eisenhower

A

U.S. President who intervened in the Little Rock Crisis and signed early civil rights legislation.

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15
Q

Roy Wilkins

A

NAACP leader who promoted legal strategies to combat segregation and discrimination.

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16
Q

Ella Baker

A

Civil rights organizer and SNCC mentor known for emphasizing grassroots leadership.

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17
Q

Bull Connor

A

A Birmingham official notorious for his aggressive tactics against civil rights demonstrators.

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18
Q

A. Philip Randolph

A

Labor and civil rights leader who organized the March on Washington.

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19
Q

John Lewis

A

Prominent SNCC leader, Freedom Rider, and later U.S. Congressman who played a key role in the civil rights movement.

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20
Q

Fannie Lou Hamer

A

Voting rights activist from Mississippi known for her powerful testimony and leadership in challenging voter suppression.

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21
Q

Freedom Summer (1964)

A

A voter registration campaign in Mississippi aimed at increasing African American political participation.

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22
Q

Jim Crow Laws

A

State and local laws that enforced racial segregation in the Southern United States.

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23
Q

Montgomery Bus Boycott (1955–56)

A

A successful protest against segregated bus seating sparked by Rosa Parks’ arrest.

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24
Q

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

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A

A youth-led organization central to grassroots civil rights activism and voter registration efforts.

25
Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
An interracial civil rights organization known for its role in sit-ins and the Freedom Rides.
26
The Battle of Ole Miss (1962)
The integration conflict at the University of Mississippi involving James Meredith, marked by riots and federal intervention.
27
Rosa Parks
Civil rights activist whose refusal to give up her bus seat sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott.
28
James Farmer
CORE leader who organized the Freedom Rides to challenge segregated interstate travel.
29
Robert Kennedy
U.S. Attorney General who supported civil rights enforcement and intervened in protests.
30
Bombing of the 16th Street Baptist Church (1963)
A racially motivated attack in Birmingham that killed four African American girls.
31
Assassination of John F. Kennedy (1963)
The murder of the U.S. President, which influenced subsequent civil rights legislation under LBJ.
32
James Meredith
The first Black student to enroll at the University of Mississippi, symbolizing the struggle for integration.
33
Ross Barnett
Mississippi Governor who resisted federal desegregation orders during James Meredith's enrollment.
34
George Wallace
Alabama Governor known for his pro-segregation stance and opposition to civil rights reforms.
35
Fred Shuttlesworth
Birmingham civil rights leader and co-founder of the SCLC who organized key protests.
36
Bayard Rustin
Civil rights strategist and chief organizer of the March on Washington.
37
Malcolm X
Influential Black nationalist leader who advocated self-defense and critiqued mainstream civil rights approaches.
38
Letter from Birmingham Jail
A seminal document written by MLK defending nonviolent protest against unjust laws.
39
“I Have a Dream” Speech
Martin Luther King Jr.'s famous address delivered during the March on Washington calling for racial equality.
40
Bloody Sunday (March 7, 1965)
The violent attack on peaceful civil rights marchers in Selma that became a catalyst for voting rights reforms.
41
March from Selma to Montgomery (March 21–25, 1965)
A pivotal protest march highlighting the struggle for voting rights, carried out under federal protection.
42
Lyndon B. Johnson (LBJ)
U.S. President who signed major civil rights legislation and launched the Great Society programs.
43
Bob Moses
SNCC leader known for organizing Freedom Summer and voter registration efforts in Mississippi.
44
Medgar Evers
Mississippi NAACP leader who was assassinated for his civil rights activism.
45
J. Edgar Hoover
Longtime FBI Director who actively surveilled and opposed civil rights leaders.
46
Great Society
President Johnson’s set of programs aimed at eliminating poverty and reducing racial injustice.
47
White Citizens’ Councils
Organizations formed to resist desegregation and maintain racial segregation in the South.
48
Watts Riots (1965)
An urban uprising in Los Angeles sparked by racial tensions and police misconduct.
49
Malcolm X’s Assassination (1965)
The killing of Malcolm X, marking a pivotal moment in the shift of Black nationalist sentiment.
50
Black Power Movement (1966–1970s)
A movement advocating racial pride, economic empowerment, and self-defense for African Americans.
51
Poor People’s Campaign (1968)
MLK’s initiative addressing economic justice and poverty as an extension of civil rights goals.
52
Martin Luther King Jr.’s Assassination (1968)
The killing of MLK, which deeply impacted the civil rights movement and national consciousness.
53
Stokely Carmichael
SNCC leader known for popularizing the term 'Black Power' and advocating a more militant stance.
54
Fair Housing Act (1968)
Federal law enacted to end discrimination in housing and promote equal housing opportunities.
55
Formation of the Black Panthers (1966)
The founding of a revolutionary organization that promoted armed self-defense and community programs.
56
Huey Newton
Co-founder of the Black Panther Party, known for advocating self-defense and social programs.
57
Bobby Seale
Co-founder of the Black Panther Party and a prominent figure in its activism.
58
Richard Nixon
U.S. President whose administration took measures against radical Black Power groups while promoting conservative policies.
59
Black Panther Party
A revolutionary organization that emphasized Black self-defense, community control, and socialist principles.

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