Apartheid Unit Test

Question 1

Apartheid

Answer 1

“The systematic policy of racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa, divided into grand (overall separation) and petty (everyday segregation) apartheid.”

Question 2

Dutch East India Trading Company

Answer 2

“Established in 1602; initiated European presence in South Africa by using the Cape as a supply post.”

Question 3

Bantu

Answer 3

“A term for African peoples, often used pejoratively under apartheid to enforce racial distinctions.”

Question 4

Great Trek

Answer 4

“The migration of Boer farmers into South Africa’s interior beginning in 1834 to escape British rule, fueling Afrikaner nationalism.”

Question 5

Covenant

Answer 5

“The alleged pact between God and the Boers in 1838, used to justify Afrikaner land claims.”

Question 6

Second Boer War (South African War)

Answer 6

“The conflict (1899–1902) between Britain and the Boers over mineral wealth, deepening divisions that later influenced apartheid.”

Question 7

Boers (Afrikaners)

Answer 7

“Descendants of early Dutch settlers whose nationalist ideologies laid the foundation for apartheid.”

Question 8

Pass books

Answer 8

“Mandatory internal passports that Africans were forced to carry to restrict their movement.”

Question 9

Homelands

Answer 9

“Territories designated for Africans based on tribal affiliation, used to limit political rights and mobility.”

Question 10

Townships

Answer 10

“Segregated urban areas where non‑whites were forced to live under harsh apartheid conditions.”

Question 11

Department of Native Affairs (NAD)

Answer 11

“The government body responsible for administering and enforcing apartheid policies affecting Africans.”

Question 12

Natives Land Act (1913)

Answer 12

“Legislation that restricted African land ownership to 7% of South Africa.”

Question 13

Natives (Urban Areas) Act (1923)

Answer 13

“Legislation that controlled where Africans could live and work in urban areas.”

Question 14

Mines and Works Act (1911)

Answer 14

“Legislation that reserved most skilled mining jobs exclusively for whites.”

Question 15

Natives’ Labour Regulation Act (1911)

Answer 15

“Legislation regulating African labor and helping enforce pass laws.”

Question 16

Industrial Conciliation Act (1924)

Answer 16

“Legislation that limited African workers’ rights to organize and bargain for better conditions.”

Question 17

Representation of the Natives Act (1936)

Answer 17

“Legislation that disenfranchised Africans in the Cape by removing their voting rights.”

Question 18

Abolition of Passes and Co-ordination of Documents Act (1952)

Answer 18

“Legislation that standardized the pass system, intensifying movement control for Africans.”

Question 19

Union of South Africa (1910)

Answer 19

“The political entity uniting Boer republics and British colonies into a self‑governing dominion.”

Question 20

Native Trusts and Lands Act (1936)

Answer 20

“Legislation that expanded African land reserves to 13.6% of South Africa.”

Question 21

Baaskap

Answer 21

“An Afrikaner term meaning ‘boss‑ship,’ reflecting the ideology of white supremacy underpinning apartheid.”

Question 22

J.G. Strijdom

Answer 22

“A National Party leader and Prime Minister known for his fervent support of apartheid.”

Question 23

Nasionale Jeugbond

Answer 23

“The Nationalist Youth Association that promoted apartheid ideals among young Afrikaners.”

Question 24

African Nationalism

Answer 24

“The movement demanding independence and civil rights for African peoples.”

Question 25

Africanism

Answer 25

"The belief that Africans should lead their own liberation struggle without external assistance."

Question 26

Josiah T. Gumede

Answer 26

"An early ANC president influential in mobilizing African political activism."

Question 27

Communist Party of South Africa (CPSA)/SACP

Answer 27

"The party that organized African labor and later operated underground in support of the liberation struggle."

Question 28

South African Indian Congress (SAIC)

Answer 28

"The organization representing South African Indians in the anti‑apartheid movement."

Question 29

ANC Youth League (ANCYL)

Answer 29

"The radical wing of the ANC that mobilized young activists for a more militant resistance."

Question 30

Walter Sisulu

Answer 30

"A key ANC leader and founder of the ANC Youth League, instrumental in organizing resistance."

Question 31

Anton Lembede

Answer 31

"The first president of the ANC Youth League, symbolizing the start of radical African protest."

Question 32

Robert Sobukwe

Answer 32

"A prominent Pan Africanist Congress leader who argued that Africans, as the majority, should govern South Africa."

Question 33

Oliver Tambo

Answer 33

"A central ANC leader who later led the party in exile and internationalized the anti‑apartheid struggle."

Question 34

Charlotte Maxeke

Answer 34

"A pioneering African woman leader who organized the ANC Women’s League."

Question 35

Alfred Xuma

Answer 35

"An ANC leader known for building alliances among oppressed groups."

Question 36

Basic Policy (ANCYL, 1948)

Answer 36

"A document proposing the unification of Africans beyond tribal lines in the struggle against apartheid."

Question 37

Programme of Action (1949)

Answer 37

"The formal strategy of the ANC, including direct action, boycotts, and strikes against white domination."

Question 38

Industrial and Commercial Workers’ Union (ICU)

Answer 38

"A union that organized African labor and played a significant role in early labor protests."

Question 39

Alexandra Bus Boycott (1943)

Answer 39

"A successful protest in Alexandra, Johannesburg, against a fare increase by the Putco bus service."

Question 40

African Mineworkers’ Union (AMWU)

Answer 40

"A union representing African mineworkers that organized major strikes for better wages."

Question 41

Council of action (ANC)

Answer 41

"A body established by the ANC to implement its direct‑action strategies."

Question 42

Meadowlands

Answer 42

"A township built outside Johannesburg where forcibly removed Africans were resettled."

Question 43

Eiselen Report

Answer 43

"A report on African education that influenced the Bantu Education Act."

Question 44

Extension of Universities Act 1959

Answer 44

"Legislation that barred African students from English‑language universities, leading to segregated higher education."

Question 45

Forced removals

Answer 45

"The policy of forcibly evicting non‑whites from areas designated for whites."

Question 46

Population Registration Act 1950

Answer 46

"Legislation requiring every South African to be classified by race with identity cards that determined rights and privileges."

Question 47

Race Classification Board

Answer 47

"The body responsible for determining individuals’ racial categories under the Population Registration Act."

Question 48

Immorality Act 1950

Answer 48

"Legislation that made interracial relationships and marriages illegal."

Question 49

Group Areas Act 1950

Answer 49

"Legislation that designated specific geographic areas for each racial group and enforced forced removals."

Question 50

Sophiatown

Answer 50

"A culturally vibrant, multiracial suburb of Johannesburg that was demolished under apartheid."

Question 51

Triomf

Answer 51

"The new, all‑white name given to Sophiatown after forced removals."

Question 52

Bantu Authorities Act 1951

Answer 52

"Legislation that confined Africans to tribal reserves and established government‑appointed chieftains."

Question 53

Anti‑pass protests

Answer 53

"Demonstrations against the requirement that Africans carry pass books."

Question 54

Separate Representation of Voters Act 1951

Answer 54

"Legislation that removed voting rights from Coloured people, leading to a constitutional crisis."

Question 55

Reservation of Separate Amenities Act 1953

Answer 55

"Legislation that legally sanctioned unequal public facilities for Africans."

Question 56

Native Labour Act 1953

Answer 56

"Legislation that prohibited Africans from joining trade unions or striking."

Question 57

Bantu Education Act 1953

Answer 57

"Legislation transferring control of African education to the state and establishing a curriculum for subordinate roles."

Question 58

Stayaway

Answer 58

"A form of protest where workers deliberately abstain from going to work."

Question 59

Mission schools

Answer 59

"Church‑run schools that provided early education for Africans before state takeover."

Question 60

Tomlinson Commission

Answer 60

"A commission that assessed the viability of African homelands, influencing the development of Bantustan policy."

Question 61

M Plan

Answer 61

"An underground communication network established by ANC leaders after the party was banned."

Question 62

Black Pimpernel

Answer 62

"A nickname for Nelson Mandela during his underground period, reflecting his ability to evade capture."

Question 63

Liliesleaf Farm

Answer 63

"The Rivonia farm where Mandela and other ANC operatives hid and planned armed actions."

Question 64

Denis Goldberg

Answer 64

"A white militant activist involved in sabotage planning during the Rivonia Trial."

Question 65

Integrationalist

Answer 65

"A term describing the belief in including all racial groups in one political system; used pejoratively by critics of the ANC’s approach."

Question 66

Proportional representation

Answer 66

"The idea that political power should reflect the population’s racial proportions, as argued by Sobukwe."

Question 67

Radicalization

Answer 67

"The process by which prolonged oppression leads groups to adopt more extreme measures."

Question 68

Sharpeville massacre

Answer 68

"The 1960 incident in which police opened fire on unarmed protesters, killing 69 people and marking a turning point in the anti‑apartheid struggle."

Question 69

Wessels Commission of Inquiry

Answer 69

"A government-appointed commission that investigated the Sharpeville massacre and largely exonerated the police."

Question 70

Security Council Resolution 134

Answer 70

"A UN resolution condemning South Africa for the Sharpeville massacre and calling for an end to apartheid violence."

Question 71

Attempted assassination of Verwoerd

Answer 71

"The 1960 incident in which a farmer shot at Prime Minister Verwoerd; his survival was interpreted as a sign of divine favor by supporters."

Question 72

General Laws Amendment Act (Sobukwe Clause)

Answer 72

"Legislation that allowed extended detention without trial, used to suppress opposition."

Question 73

Wind of Change speech

Answer 73

"A 1960 speech by British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan acknowledging the rise of African nationalism and decolonization."

Question 74

African Resistance Movement

Answer 74

"A militant group representing a radical wing of the opposition that engaged in bombing and sabotage."

Question 75

Luthuli’s Nobel Peace Prize (1961)

Answer 75

"International recognition awarded to Chief Albert Luthuli for his non‑violent struggle against apartheid."

Question 76

Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK)

Answer 76

"The armed wing of the ANC formed in 1961 to conduct sabotage and guerrilla warfare against the apartheid state."

Question 77

Security Police

Answer 77

"The repressive police force tasked with enforcing apartheid laws through brutal measures."

Question 78

John Vorster

Answer 78

"Minister of Justice from 1961 whose policies intensified state repression against opposition groups."

Question 79

Bureau for State Security (BOSS)

Answer 79

"A secretive state security organization formed to coordinate covert operations against anti‑apartheid activists."

Question 80

Sabotage Act 1962

Answer 80

"Legislation imposing the death penalty for acts of sabotage and shifting the burden of proof onto the accused."

Question 81

Bantu Laws Amendment Act 1964

Answer 81

"Legislation empowering authorities to deport Africans from urban areas and impose labor quotas."

Question 82

Bantu Self‑Government/Promotion of Self‑Government Act 1958

Answer 82

"Legislation that laid the foundation for the creation of Bantustans by preparing African homelands for eventual independence."

Question 83

Transkei

Answer 83

"The first Bantustan established in 1963 as a self‑governing territory for Xhosa speakers, though its independence was unrecognized internationally."

Question 84

Kaiser Matanzima

Answer 84

"A Transkei leader who maintained dictatorial control over the Bantustan through coercion."

Question 85

Proclamation R400

Answer 85

"A regulation in Transkei allowing unlimited detention, used to suppress dissent."

Question 86

Poqo

Answer 86

"The militant military wing of the Pan Africanist Congress known for terror‑oriented tactics; later re‑emerged as the Azanian People’s Liberation Army (APLA)."

Question 87

Intaba Resistance

Answer 87

"A resistance movement in East Pondoland opposing apartheid measures (with ‘Intaba’ meaning ‘mountain’)."

Question 88

State of Emergency (1960)

Answer 88

"A government‑declared emergency following Sharpeville that allowed extended detention and suspension of civil liberties."

Question 89

Conscription (for whites)

Answer 89

"The compulsory enlistment of white South Africans into the armed forces, introduced amid rising internal security concerns."

Question 90

Guerrilla warfare

Answer 90

"Irregular, hit‑and‑run tactics employed by armed opposition groups against the apartheid state."

Question 91

Rivonia Trial

Answer 91

"The landmark trial (1963–1964) in which key ANC leaders were prosecuted for sabotage and conspiracy, resulting in long prison sentences."

Question 92

Percy Yutar

Answer 92

"The prosecutor at the Rivonia Trial who argued that Mandela had committed acts of sabotage."

Question 93

John Harris

Answer 93

"A militant activist from the African Resistance Movement who bombed Johannesburg railway station and was executed in April 1965."

Question 94

Azanian People’s Liberation Army (APLA)

Answer 94

The group that emerged from Pogo in 1968 as the rebranded armed wing of the PAC, known for its terror tactics.