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IB History > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Who were the Portuguese explorers?

A

Prince Henry the Navigator, Dias, and de Gama

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2
Q

What new world land did Portugal claim?

A

Brazil

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3
Q

Who discovered Brazil?

A

Cabral

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4
Q

Describe Spains status in 1492

A

-wealthy
-unified under Ferdinand and Isabella’s Reconquista

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5
Q

How many voyages did Columbus make to the West Indies?

A

4 voyages

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6
Q

What did Columbus want?

A

GOLD

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7
Q

Who led the first circumnavigation for Spain and when?

A

Ferdinand Magellan in 1519

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8
Q

What did Cortes do?

A

Overthrew Aztecs in 1520

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9
Q

What did Pizarro do?

A

Overthrew Incas in 1531

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10
Q

What edges did Cortes and Pizarro have?

A

-superior weaponry
-epidemics
-native alliances
-lucky timing

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11
Q

Requerimiento

A

declaration of Spanish sovereignty over the natives and the land

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12
Q

What New land did the Spanish have?

A
  • West Indies (Columbus)
  • Latin America
    -South America (except Brazil)
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13
Q

Who discovered the Pacific Ocean for Spain?

A

Vasco Nunez Balboa

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14
Q

Who discovered the grand Canyon for Spain?

A

Francisco Coronado

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15
Q

Who discovered Florida for Spain?

A

Juan Ponce de Leon

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16
Q

Who discovered South East USA for Spain?

A

Hernando de Soto

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17
Q

viceroyalty

A

A system where the Spanish King owned all land rights but had representatives to help him. Consisted of viceroy, governors, audiencias, and treasury officials

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18
Q

Viceroy

A

chief representative for the king

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19
Q

Spanish governors were appointed in each _________.

A

province

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20
Q

Audiencias

A

Justice administers

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21
Q

Peninsulares

A

Spaniards born in Spain

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22
Q

Creoles

A

Born outside Spain to Spanish parents

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23
Q

Mestizos

A

1 Spanish parent/1 Indian parent

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24
Q

Mulattoes

A

1 Spanish parent/1 African parent

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25
By 1640, how many Spanish settlers were there?
160k Spanish Settlers
26
What mother country built Cathedrals and universities?
Spain
27
Where were the Spanish originally clustered in?
Mexico and Peru
28
What was St. Augustine, FL
Spanish Fort that was built in 1565 to protect interests in the Caribbean.
29
What was Battle of Acoma?
Spanish cruelty to the Pueblos in 1599. It established Santa Fe in 1610.
30
What did the Spanish do due to little wealth in New Mexico?
They focused on converting the Natives and suppressing Pueblo customs.
31
What was Pope's Rebellio?
Pueblos razed catholic churches and killed Spaniards in 1680.
32
When did the Spanish settle in Texas and California?
18th century
33
Where did the Spanish work the natives the most?
- Silver mines - Haciendas (plantations) -usually sugar
34
Mita (Reoartimiento)
Inca practice of compulsory annual labor was adopted by the Spanish
35
Endomienda
Indians are part of the land.
36
What laws were passed to prevent Spanish cruelty?
Laws of Burgos and New Laws of the Indies
37
How did the Spanish respond to the New Laws?
Bad they didn't follow them and rallied.
38
Who advocated for better treatment of indigenous peoples and criticized the Spanish?
Bartolome de las Casas
39
Who argued for harming the Natives in New Spain?
Sepulveda
40
What caused the need for African Slaves?
Devastation of indigenous populations while need for labor grows
41
What becomes the New world currency?
Silver (pieces of eight)
42
What do Spain and Portugal do with vast riches?
Finance wars and compete.
43
What was the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)?
New World divided up for Spain and Portugal by Papal decree
44
How does England fight against Spain at sea?
Piracy
45
How did France respond to the Treaty of Tordesillas?
Argues first to establish permanent settlements get to claim land, not papal decree
46
What is the biggest consequence of European exploration?
Columbian exchange
47
What was the Black Legend?
Biases reporting of Spanish atrocities by English Europeans to justify their own claims to the New World.
48
Who created Black Legend?
Hakluyt and de Bry
49
What English explorer explored the coastline?
John Cabot sent by Henry VII in 1497
50
What delayed the English in their colonization efforts?
Religious confict (Henry VIII cut ties with catholic church) - Catholics vs Protestands - Succession issues
51
How did Elizabeth I put England in a golden era?
- Spread of Protestantism - Wealth plunder Spanish ships and Settlements
52
Who was the famous English pirate?
Sir Francis Drake
53
Who established Roanoke and was it a success?
Sir Walter Raleigh did in 1585 but it vanished by 1591
54
How did English weaken the Spanish?
England ships defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588, weakening their naval dominance and imperial superiority
55
What were some other factors leading to English colonization?
- overpopulation in England -Primogeniture (eldest son get nothin) -Joint stock companies (investor pools)
56
What were the issues with Jamestown (1607)?
- 100 settlers mostly gentlemen - focus on finding riches -hostile with Powhatan
57
what was John Smith famous for?
Saying "He who dont work, dont eat"
58
What happened in Jamestown winter of 1609-10?
Starving time with cannibalism
59
What did Lord De Law Warr do?
Forced Jamestown colonists to stay. Established strong military law
60
What and when was the Powhatan uprising?
1/4 va colonies killed in 1622.
61
Who were the Pilgrims and what did the do?
- family units, ill equipped, poorly supplied people that arrived in Massachusetts in 1620. Created New Englad
62
How did New England and Wampanoags first get along?
Edward Winslow and Leader Massasoit make alliance.
63
What causes tension and war between Pilgrims and Wampanoags?
- english grow in numbers - praying towns to christianize natives
64
What was the reuslt of King Philip's War?
- many english killed - metacom killed 1676 ultimately English dominate New England
65
Why was France delayed in New World ventures?
Religious discord (protestant Huguenots vs roman catholics)
66
Who did France blossom under?
Sun King Louis XIV
67
Why was France initially unsuccessful in Colonizing New World?
Conflicts with Spain and Portugal drove them north.
68
Who was Samuel de Champlain and what did he do?
Father of New France, established Quebec
69
Who did France ally with?
The Hurons, they fought wars together and worked on beaver trade
70
Who made up the French population?
male fur trades and Jesuit missionaries (peaceful catholics)
71
Who were the King's Daughters?
unwanted women sent to New France to increase population
72
Where did France extend their landholdings?
Inwards. -Detroit 1701 -Louisiana 1682 (robert la salle) -New Orleans 1718
73
What did France have control of that was very profitable?
Mississippi
74
What war occurred in the 18th century between France and England?
The French and Indian war (aka Seven Years War)
75

IB History (12 decks)

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