The Digestive System

Question 1

What is the gastrointestinal system?

Answer 1

It is a continuous tube that extends from the mouth to the anus. It contains food from the time it is eaten to the time it is digest and absorbed or eliminated from the body

Question 2

What organs are in the gastrointestinal system?

Answer 2

The mouth, the pharynx, the oesophagus, the stomach, the small and large intestine

Question 3

What are the accessory digestive organs?

Answer 3

The teeth, the tongue, the salivary glands, the liver, the gallbladder and the pancreas

Question 4

What are the 6 basic digestion processes?

Answer 4

Ingestion
Secretion
Mixing and propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Defecation

Question 5

What are the organs of the digestive system?

Answer 5

• the mouth
• the 3 salivary gland
• The oesophagus
• the pharynx
• the liver
• the stomach
• the pancreas
• the gallbladder
• the cecum
• the appendix
• the transverse, ascending and descending colon
• the rectum
• the anus

Question 6

What is the mouth made up from?

Answer 6

Cheeks, hard and soft palates, lip and a tongue

Question 7

What type of muscle is the tongue?

Answer 7

Skeletal muscle

Question 8

What is on the surface of the tongue?

Answer 8

Papillae these contain some tastebuds

Question 9

What do the glands in the tongue do?

Answer 9

They secrete lipase which digests triglycerides once it is in the stomach with acid

Question 10

What are the 3 pairs of salivary glands?

Answer 10

The parotid, the submandibular and the sublingual salivary glands

Question 11

What happens during mastication?

Answer 11

Food mixes with saliva and shaped into bolus

Question 12

What starts the digestion of starches in the mouth?

Answer 12

The salivary amylase

Question 13

What is the oesophagus?

Answer 13

It is a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach

Question 14

What does swallowing consist of?

Answer 14

It is moving a bolus from the mouth to the stomach by peristalsis. It is a voluntary stage from the mouth to the oropharynx and then the involuntary stage

Question 15

What does the stomach connect?

Answer 15

The oesophagus to the duodenum.

Question 16

What are the 4 main regions of the stomach?

Answer 16

The cardia, the fundus, the body and the pylorus

Question 17

What is between the pylorus and the duodenum?

Answer 17

The pyloric sphincter

Question 18

What are the 4 basic layers of the stomach wall?

Answer 18

The mucosa, the submucosa, the muscular is and the serosa

Question 19

What is on the surface of the stomach?

Answer 19

It has glands that produces mucus, hydrochloride acid, a pepsin for protein, intrinsic factor and gastrin

Question 20

What is mechanical digestion?

Answer 20

It consists of mixing waves that macerate food and mix it with gastric juice forming chyme

Question 21

What does lingual lipase produced by the tongue do?

Answer 21

It digests triglycerides in the acid in the stomach

Question 22

What does mucus secreted by mucous cells do?

Answer 22

Cost the mucosa forming a thick barrier between the cells in the stomach lining and gastric juices

Question 23

What is the enzyme that starts protein digestion?

Answer 23

Pepsin

Question 24

Where does the pancreas sit?

Answer 24

Behind the stomach

Question 25

What is the pancreas made up from?

Answer 25

Small clusters of glandular epithelial cells called acini

Question 26

What is the enzyme that digests starch?

Answer 26

Pancreatic amylase

Question 27

What is the enzyme that digests proteins?

Answer 27

Carboxypeptidase trypsin and chymotrypsin

Question 28

What is the enzyme that digests triglycerides?

Answer 28

Pancreatic lipase

Question 29

What is the enzyme that digests nucleus acids?

Answer 29

RNA and DNA

Question 30

How many lobes does the liver have?

Answer 30

2

Question 31

Where is the gallbladder?

Answer 31

It is a sac that is located in a depression under the liver that stores bile

Question 32

What 3 components does the liver have?

Answer 32

Hepatocytes, bile canaliculi and hepatic sinusoids

Question 33

What does hepatocytes do?

Answer 33

Produce bile

Question 34

What are the functions of the liver?

Answer 34

Secretion of bile and bile salts Carbohydrate, protein and lipid metabolism Processing drugs and hormones Excretion of bilirubin Stores vitamins and mineral Activates vitamin D

Question 35

What do the glands in the small intestine do?

Answer 35

They produce enzymes and mucus

Question 36

What’s special about the walls of the small intestine?

Answer 36

It has microvilli, villi and circular folds to provide a large surface area for digestion and absorption

Question 37

What percentage of absorption happens in the small intestine?

Answer 37

90% the other 10% happens in the large intestine and the stomach

Question 38

What does mechanical digestion in the small intestine involve?

Answer 38

Segmentations and migration waves of peristalsis

Question 39

What is absorption?

Answer 39

It is the passage of nutrients from digested food in the gastrointestinal tract into the blood or lymph

Question 40

How does absorption take place?

Answer 40

By simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis and active transport

Question 41

What regions does the large intestine include?

Answer 41

The cecum, colon, rectum and the anal canal

Question 42

What is the colon divided into?

Answer 42

The ascending colon The transverse colon The descending colon The sigmoid portions

Question 43

What does the mucosa contain?

Answer 43

Absorptive cells that absorb water And goblet cells that secrete mucus

Question 44

What is mass peristalsis?

Answer 44

It is a strong peristaltic wave that drives the contents through the colon into the rectum

Question 45

What happens in the large intestine?

Answer 45

Substances are further broken down and some vitamins are synthesised through bacterial action

Question 46

What does the large intestine absorb?

Answer 46

Water, ions including sodium and chloride and some dietary vitamins

Question 47

What is the elimination of faeces called?

Answer 47

Defaecation

Question 48

What actions does defaecation have?

Answer 48

A reflex actions aided by voluntary contractions of the diaphragm and abdominal muscles and relaxation of the external anal sphincter

Question 49

What are the 3 overlapping phases in digestive activities called?

Answer 49

Cephalic phase, gastric phase and intestinal phase

Question 50

What happens during the cephalic phase?

Answer 50

The smell, sight, sound or thought of good activates in the brain. Making the salivary glands secrete salvia and gastric glands secrete gastric juice in order to prepare the mouth and stomach for food

Question 51

What happens during the gastric phase?

Answer 51

Presence of food causes gastric juice secretion and gastric motility. The pyloric sphincter relaxes which promotes the gastric to empty

Question 52

When does the intestinal phase start? And is coordinated by what?

Answer 52

When the food enters the small intestine It is coordinated by the hormones gastric, secretin and cholecystokinin