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PHGY1030 > The Digestive System > Flashcards

The Digestive System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 5 functions of the GI system?

A
  1. propulsion
  2. Secretion
  3. Digestion
  4. Absorption
  5. Barrier Function
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2
Q

what are the accessory organs of the GI system?

A
  1. pancreas
  2. gall bladder
  3. Liver
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3
Q

What are the 7 sphincters?

A
  1. upper esophageal
  2. lower esophageal
  3. pyloric
  4. ileocecal
  5. colorectal
  6. internal anal
    7 external anal (voluntary)
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4
Q

name the major tissue layers from inside to outside of the digestive tract

A
  1. mucosa
  2. submucosa
  3. musclaris
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5
Q

Where is the enteric nervous system located?

A

In the myenteric plexus which is located between the circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscle layer

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6
Q

what causes depolarization in the GI system?

A
  1. stretch
  2. acetylcholine
  3. parasmypathetics
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7
Q

what causes depolarization in the GI system?

A
  1. stretch
  2. acetylcholine
  3. parasympathetics
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8
Q

what causes hyper polarization in the GI system?

A
  1. sympathetics

2. NE

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9
Q

Where is the myenteric plexus located?

A

located between the circular and longitudinal muscle in the muscle layer

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10
Q

what comprises the internal nerve plexus (enteric nervous system)?

A
  1. submucosal plexus

2. myenteric plexus

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11
Q

what are the extrinsic nerves?

A

originate outside the digestive tract and innervate the various digestive organs

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12
Q

what causes hyper polarization in the GI system?

A
  1. sympathetics

2. NE (released by sympathetic NS)

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13
Q

what does the PNS release in the GI system?

A

acetylcholine

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14
Q

what does the SNS release in the GI system?

A

NE

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15
Q

which reflexes proximal to distal or distal to proximal overrides the other ?

A

distal to proximal reflexes overide proximal to distal.

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16
Q

what do prokinetic agents do?

A

they increase motility

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17
Q

what are some pro kinetic agents?

A
  1. serotonin agonist

2. dopamine antagonist

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18
Q

where does codeine bind? What does it cause ?

A

binds to opioid receptors which increases SNS and NE and causes constipation

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19
Q

what nerve plexus controls fluid secretion?

A

submucosal plexus (local control)

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20
Q

what are the 4 functions of saliva

A
  1. moistening
  2. lubrication
  3. defence
  4. digestion
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21
Q

How does the saliva function in defence?

A
  1. lysozyme

2. IgA

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22
Q

what kind of digestion occurs with saliva

A

carbohydrate digestion only

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23
Q

how much saliva is released everyday?

A

1.5 L

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24
Q

does parasympathetic stimulation promote salivation?

Study These Flashcards
A

yes. Sympathetic stimulation inhibits salivation

25
what are the function of gastric acid secretion?
1. bacteriocidal role: low pH | 2. digestion of protein
26
what are the function of gastric acid secretion?
1. bacteriocidal role: low pH 2. digestion of protein by acid hydrolysis and denaturation 3. digestion of bone
27
what is a secretagogue?
helps stimulate acid secretion 1. Ach 2. Gastrin 3. Histamine
28
What does PGE2 do to secretion?
prostaglandin E2 is an anti-secretagogue and shuts down acid secretion
29
what do chief cells secrete?
pepsinogen which is a proenzyme that breaks down proteins
30
what is intrinsic factor and what cell secretes this?
- escorts vit B12 through the intestine to where it is going to be absorbed. It is secreted by the parietal cells
31
is there a difference in the mucous that is secreted by neck goblet cells and surface goblet cells?
yes. surface cells secrete alkaline mucus (protects against acid and abrasion) and neck cells secretes thin mucus for lubrication
32
what is the importance of the minor digestive enzymes?
they aid in digestion in the stomach before entering the duodenum. Once they enter the duodenum they become denatured because of the pH change to alkaline
33
What is the cephalic phase?
when we THINK about eating. Vagal nerve to the ENS stimulates the parietal cells, G cells and ECL cells.
34
What does the GI system do in response to very low pH?
negative feedback by secretion of somatostatin by D-cells which inhibit HCL secretion
35
What is the gastric phase?
when food is present in the stomach and we actually eat
36
what is the intestinal phase?
when the signal is coming from the intestine instead of the mind or the stomac
37
what is the intestinal phase?
when the signal is coming from the intestine instead of the mind or the stomach. This phase is inhibitory
38
what does secretin do?
inhibits gastric function
39
what does secretin do?
inhibits gastric function to reduce gastric juice production/secretion. Acts directly on the parietal and chief cells to inhibit
40
what are the inhibitory hormones of the intestinal phase?
1. secretion 2. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) 3. CCK
41
what are the inhibitory hormones of the intestinal phase?
1. secretin 2. gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) 3. CCK
42
What are the 2 therapeutic targets to prevent acid secretion?
1. H2 blockers | 2. proton pump inhibitors
43
What is the difference between COX 1 and Cox 2?
cox 1 secretes prostaglandins in low concentrations to regulate gastric secretions and cox 2 is always turned off unless induced (ex. injury) and secretes buckets of prostaglandins which is pro inflammatory
44
What are the different types of NSAIDS?
1. cox 1 inhibitors 2. cox 2 inhibitors 3. modified NSAIDS with NO
45
Explain the mechanism by which Advil increases acid production
1. cox 1 and 2 inhibitor so inhibits prostaglandin secretion 2. PGE2 needed to inhibit histamine pump 3.
46
Explain the mechanism by which Advil increases acid production
1. cox 1 and 2 inhibitor so inhibits prostaglandin secretion 2. PGE2 needed to inhibit histamine pump 3. PEG2 is not there so histamine activates adenylate cyclase to full effect and H is released 4. this results in more acid production
47
What are the different types of NSAIDS?
1. cox 1 inhibitors 2. cox 2 inhibitors 3. modified NSAIDS with NO (CINODS)
48
In CINODS, what does the NO do?
causes vasodilation in the stomach which is a protective effect
49
what stimulates the secretion of secretin in the duodenum?
acidic chyme. Secretin then causes the increase in aqueous secretion
50
what stimulates CCK release in the duodenum?
fatty acids.
51
what are the functions of bile?
1. neutralization (bicarbonate) | 2. emulsification (bile salts)
52
what stimulates bile release?
1. parasympathetic Ach 2. CCK upon presence of fatty acids in duodenum 3. Secretin
53
where are paneth cells found?
at the bottom of crypts
54
where are paneth cells found? what do they do?
at the bottom of crypts in the small intestine. They have antimicrobial properties
55
what stimulates small intestine intestinal secretion to be produced?
1. distention (primary) 2. CCK and Secretin 3. secretagogues (inflammation and infection)
56
why is cholera significant?
found in contaminated food or water and can cause severe gastroenteritis
57
why is cholera significant?
found in contaminated food or water and can cause severe gastroenteritis. Causes increased Cl- secretion by means of A and B subunits in which A enters membrane and activates cAMP to secrete Cl
58
why is cholera significant?
found in contaminated food or water and can cause severe gastroenteritis. Causes increased Cl- secretion by means of A and B subunits in which A enters membrane and activates cAMP to secrete Cl. This causes increased Na and water secretion

PHGY1030 (18 decks)

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