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ENT Anatomy > The Ear > Flashcards

The Ear Flashcards

1
Q

In which bone are the divisions of the ear found?

A

Temporal bone

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2
Q

What are the anatomic divisions of the ear?

A

External
Middle
Inner

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3
Q

What are the functional divisions of the ear?

A

Hearing (auditory system)

Balance (vestibular system)

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4
Q

What is the pterion?

A

H shaped suture
Joins frontal, parietal, temporal and sphenoid
Thinnest part of the skull

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5
Q

Which three processes are found in the temporal bone?

A

(Anterior to posterior)
Zygomatic process
Styloid process
Mastoid process

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6
Q

Which structure of the temporal bone prevents anterior dislocation of the TMJ?

A

Zygomatic process

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7
Q

Where is the stylomastoid foramen found and which structure exits here?

A

Between styloid process and mastoid process

Facial nerve

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8
Q

What are the two parts of the temporal bone?

A

Squamous (above EAM)

Petrous (rest of bone)

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9
Q

Where is the extra cranial opening into the carotid canal found?

A

Temporal bone

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10
Q

Which foramina are found in the anterior cranial fossa?

A

Cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

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11
Q

Which foramina are found in the middle cranial fossa?

A 
Optic canal 
Superior orbital fissure
Foramen rotundum 
Foramen ovale 
(Intracranial opening of carotid canal)
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12
Q

Which foramina are found in the posterior cranial fossa?

A

Internal acoustic meatus
Jugular formanen
Hypoglossal canal
(Foramen Magnum)

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13
Q

Which structures pass through the internal acoustic meatus?

A

CN VII - Facial Nerve
CN VIII - Vestibulocochlear Nerve
Labyrinthine artery (+ vein)

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14
Q

What are the functions of the Facial Nerve?

A 
Motor to face 
Motor to stapedius 
Taste to ant 2/3rds of tongue 
Secretomotor to salivary glands and lacrimal gland 
General sensory to external ear
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15
Q

What are the functions of the Vestibulocochlear Nerve?

A

Balance

Hearing

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16
Q

What is the Labyrinthine artery?

A

Branch of anterior inferior cerebellar artery

From Circle of Willis

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17
Q

Which structures form the external ear?

A

Auricle to tympanic membrane vie external acoustic meatus

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18
Q

Which structures form the middle ear?

A

Tympanic membrane to oval window, including Eustachian tube

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19
Q

Which structures form the inner ear?

A

Oval window to internal acoustic meatus

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20
Q

What is the function of the external ear?

A

Collects and conveys sound waves to tympanic membrane

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21
Q

What is the function of the middle ear?

A

Amplifies and conducts found waves to the internal ear

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22
Q

What is the function of the internal ear?

A

Converts special sensory information into fluid waves, then APs and conducts APs to brain

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23
Q

Which are the components of the external ear “skeleton”?

A

Temporal bone
Elastic cartilage
(avascular, and so gets nutrients from the skin)

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24
Q

What are the components of the ear canal?

A

Begins at external acoustic meatus
Composed of 1/3 cartilage (elastic), 2/3 bony
Lined with skin
Produces earwax via ceruminous glands

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25
Q

What are the components of the auricle?

A 
Helix 
Anti helix
Concha 
Tragus 
Anti tragus 
Ear lobe
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26
Q

What is the innervation of the auricle?

A

C2,3 spinal nerves

CN VII - Facial nerve

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27
Q

Which parts of the external ear are supplied by CNV3?

A

Superior parts of EAM and most of the tympanic membrane (2/3)

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28
Q

Which parts of the external ear are supplied by CNX?

A

Inferior parts of EAM and tympanic membrane (1/3)

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29
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage of the auricle?

A

Lateral surface of superior half -> parotid lymph nodes
Cranial surface of superior half -> mastoid lymph nodes (and deep cervical)
Rest of auricle -> Superficial cervical lymph nodes
All eventually -> deep cervical lymph nodes
Then thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct at venous angles

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30
Q

Which direction should you pull the auricle for otoscopic examination in children?

A

Posteroinferiorly

EAM short and straight

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31
Q

Which direction should you pull the auricle for otoscopic examination in adults?

A

Posterosuperiorly

EAM is curved

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32
Q

Where is the cone of light normally seen in otoscopic examination, and why might this change?

A

Anteroinferiorly

Change of pressure within the middle ear

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33
Q

What is the general sensory nerve supply to the tympanic membrane?

A

External surface = mostly CN V3

Internal surface = CN IX

34
Q

Which structures does the Glossopharyngeal Nerve provide sensory innervation to?

A 
Middle ear cavity 
Eustachian tube 
Nasopharynx 
Oropharynx
Tonsils
35
Q

Which structures does the Eustachian tube connect?

A

Anterior wall of tympanic cavity to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx

36
Q

Which three bones are contained in the middle ear?

A

Malleus
Incus
Stapes

37
Q

Which two muscles are contained in the middle ear?

A

Stapedius

Tensor tympani

38
Q

Branches from which cranial nerves are contained within the middle ear?

A

Facial nerve

Glossopharyngeal

39
Q

By which joints do the auditory ossicles articulate?

A

Synovial joints

40
Q

Which structure of the middle ear adheres to the internal aspect of the tympanic membrane, and what does this create?

A

Handle of the malleus

Creates the umbo (most inwardly depressed part of tympanic membrane)

41
Q

Which structure in the middle ear fits into the oval window?

A

The base (footplate) of the stapes

42
Q

What is the epitympanic recess?

A

Space superior to the tympanic membrane

43
Q

Which nerve innervates tensor tympani muscle?

A

Mandibular division of trigeminal (CN V3)

44
Q

What is the purpose of tensor tympani muscle?

A

Reduces the sound heard whilst eating

45
Q

Where is the tympanic cavity found?

A

Petrous temporal bone

46
Q

Which nerve passes the lateral wall of the tympanic cavity, over the tensor tympani muscle and past the tympanic membrane?

A

Chorda Tympani

47
Q

What is the aditus?

A

Doorway into the mastoid antrum from the epitympanic recess

48
Q

What causes mastoiditis?

A

Spread of infection from middle ear cavity

49
Q

What are the implications of bacterial spread along the Eustachian tube?

A

Bacterial spread from pharynx/tonsils causing pain/hearing loss

50
Q

What is the common nerve supply of the Eustachian tube and nasa/oropharynx and why is this clinically significant?

A

CN IX
Tonsillitis of pharyngitis can mimic earache
Common example of referred pain

51
Q

What are the general functions of the facial nerve?

A

Special sensory
Sensory
Motor
Parasympathetic

52
Q

What is the CNS connection of the facial nerve?

A

Brainstem, at ponotmedullary junction

53
Q

What is the intracranial course of the facial nerve?

A

Directly into internal acoustic meatus in posterior cranial fossa

54
Q

What is the base of skull foramen course of the facial nerve?

A

Temporal bone:
Internal acoustic meatus
Stylomastoid foramen

55
Q

Which cranial nerve does Chorda tympani branch from?

A

CN VII (facial)

56
Q

What are the functions of Chorda tympani?

A

Taste buds of the anterior 2/3 of the tongue

Parasympathetic supply to submandibular and sublingual salivary glands

57
Q

What is the function of Stapedius?

A

Reduces stapes movement to protect the internal ear form excessive noise

58
Q

What is the facial canal?

A

Connects the internal acoustic meatus to the stylomastoid process
Contains CNVII

59
Q

Which nerve supplies stapedius?

A

CN VII

60
Q

With which nerve does the Chorda tympani connect?

A

Lingual nerve branch of CN V3

61
Q

What is the origin/attachment of the muscles of facial expression?

A 
Originate = Bone 
Insert = Superficial fascia
62
Q

What are the muscles of facial expression?

A

Frontalis
Orbicularis oculi
Elevators of lips
Orbicularis oris

63
Q

How do you clinically test muscles of facial expression and motor function of CN VII?

A

Frown
Close eyes tightly
Smile
Maintain puffed out cheeks

64
Q

Why is the buccal fat pad clinically significant?

A

Lost in illness, giving “sunken cheeks”

Clinical sign of malnutrition

65
Q

What are the two components of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

Cochelar nerve - Hearing

Vestibular nerve - Balance

66
Q

What is the otic capsule?

A

Dense bone capsule sitting within the temporal bone

Contains bony labyrinth

67
Q

Explain the components of the otic capsule?

A

Membranous labyrinth containing endolymph fluid is suspended in perilymph fluid within the bony labyrinth

68
Q

What is the physiological difference between perilymph and endolymph?

A 
Perilymph = high K 
Endolymph = low K
69
Q

How many turns does the cochlea undergo?

A

2.5

70
Q

How are the semi-circular canals named?

A

Superior
Lateral
Posterior

71
Q

What is the cochlear duct?

A

Long balloon like structure within the cochlea filled with endolymph

72
Q

Through which nerve are APs from the cochlear duct conducted to the brainstem?

A

Cochlear nerve

73
Q

What are the semicircular ducts?

A

Interlinked balloon like structures within the semicircular canals filled with endolymph

74
Q

Through which nerve are APs from the semicircular ducts conducted to the brainstem?

A

Vestibular nerve

75
Q

Which movement do the semicircular ducts detect?

A

Angular movement change

76
Q

Which movement do the urticle and saccule detect?

A

Linear movement change
U = Horizontal
S = Vertical

77
Q

How does the vestibular apparatus detect movement change?

A

Hair cells are stimulated by the movement of endolymph

78
Q

What is are maculae?

A

Regions of the internal ear where clusters of hair cells are found

79
Q

Describe sound transmission to the internal ear?

A

Sound waves make tympanic membrane vibrate
Vibrations transmitted through ossicles
Base of stapes vibrates in oval window
Creates pressure was in perilymph
Hair cells in cochlea move, APs stimulated and conveyed to brain by cochlear nerve
Pressure waves descend and become vibrations again
Pressure waves dampened at round window

80
Q

Where in the cochlear apparatus are auditory stimuli detected?

A

Receptor cells in the organ of Corti

Located on the basil membrane of cochlear duct

81
Q

What are the two parts of the cochlear canal?

A

Scala vestibuli

Scala tympani

82
Q

What is the course of the vestibulocochlear nerve?

A

CNS at pontomedullary junction
Internal acoustic meatus
Divides to cochlear nerve axons -> cochlea
and vestibular nerve axons -> semicircular ducts

ENT Anatomy (4 decks)

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