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ENT Anatomy > The Nose > Flashcards

The Nose Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the nasal cavity?

A 
Conduit for air 
Filters air (vibrissae)
Humidifies air (glands)
Warms air (blood)
Sense of smell
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2
Q

What are the structures of the external nose?

A 
Root 
Dorsum 
Tip 
2 Ala 
Septum 
2 Nostrils
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3
Q

What are the bones of the nose?

A 
Frontal bone 
Ethmoid bone 
Perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone 
Nasal bone 
Maxilla 
Vomer 
Inferior nasal concha
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4
Q

Which parts of the nasal cavity does the ethmoid bone form?

A

Parts of the roof, lateral walls and septum

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5
Q

What are the components of the ethmoid bone?

A 
Cribriform plate 
Crista galli 
Perpendicular plate 
Superior concha 
Middle concha 
Ethmoidal air cells
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6
Q

Which structures form the nasal septum?

A

Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
Septal cartilage
Vomer

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7
Q

Which structures form the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?

A 
Superior concha 
Middle concha 
Inferior concha 
Lateral cartilage 
Right palatine bone 
Right maxilla
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8
Q

Which fractures can result in anosmia and why?

A

Le Fort II, III and Basillar skull fractures

Disruption of cribriform plate can sever olfactory nerves

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9
Q

Why might leakage of fluid from the nose be a sign of facial fracture?

A

Disruption of the paranasal sinuses

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10
Q

What is the histology of the nasal mucosa?

A

Nasal vestibule = stratified squamous epithelium (keratinised to non-keratinised)
Nasal cavity = respiratory epithelium
Superior concha = olfactory epithelium

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11
Q

What is the olfactory pathway?

A

Receptor cells in olfactory epithelium detect smell
Pass up through cribriform plate (olfactory nerves)
Synapse with olfactory bulb (ganglion)
Neurones pass along olfactory tract
Reach temporal lobe and olfactory areas

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12
Q

What is the somatic sensory innervation of the nasal cavity?

A

(Cavity divided by diagonal line from sphenoid sinus to tip of nose)
Above = Ophthalmic division of trigeminal (CNV1) branches to give anterior ethmoidal nerve
Below = Maxillary division of trigeminal (CNV2) branches to give nasopalatine nerve

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13
Q

Through which structure does the nasopalatine nerve enter the nasal cavity?

A

Sphenopalatine foramen

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14
Q

Through which structure does the anterior ethmoidal nerve enter the nasal cavity?

A

Anterior ethmoidal foramen

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15
Q

What is the blood supply to the nasal cavity and surrounding structures?

A

Internal carotid artery -> Ophthalmic artery -> anterior and posterior ethmoidal arteries
External carotid artery -> Maxillary artery -> sphenopalatie and greater palatine arteries
External carotid artery -> Facial artery -> superior labial artery, lateral nasal and septal branches

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16
Q

What is epistaxis?

A

Nose bleed

17
Q

What is Kiesselbach’s Area and where is it found?

A

Sire where anastomoses occurs between arterial contributions
Located anteroinferiorly on nasal septum

18
Q

What causes eptaxis?

A

Disruption to Kiesselbach’s Area

19
Q

What is the order of the concha and their associated recess/meatuses?

A 
Sphenoethmoidal recess
Superior nasal concha 
Superior meatus 
Middle nasal concha 
Middle meatus 
Inferior nasal concha 
Inferior meatus
20
Q

Why are conchae often referred to as turbinates?

A

Cause turbulent airflow through nasal cavity

Increased opportunity for humidifying, warming and filtering

21
Q

What can impact the airflow through the nasal cavity?

A

Engorgement of the nasal mucosa
One side will be engorged then change to the other side every 1-5 hours
Due to erectile tissue (arteriovenous)

22
Q

What are the four bilateral sinuses associated with the nasal cavity?

A

Frontal sinuses
Ethmoidal air cells
Maxillary sinuses
Sphenoid sinuses

23
Q

What lines each sinus?

A

Thin respiratory epithelium

24
Q

What is the drainage of the sphenoid sinus?

A

Sphenoethmoidal recess

25
Q

What is the drainage of the ethmoidal air cells?

A 
Posterior = superior meatus 
Middle = ethmoidal bulla (middle meatus) 
Anterior = semilunar hiatus (middle meatus)
26
Q

What is the drainage of the frontal sinus?

A

Semilunar hiatus (middle meatus)

27
Q

What is the drainage of the axillary sinus?

A

Semilunar hiatus (middle meatus)

28
Q

What is the pathway of lacrimal fluid drainage?

A

Lacrimal gland, lacrimal sac, inferomedially to nasolacrimal duct, inferior meatus

29
Q

What is sinusitis?

A

Inflammation of the mucosa in 1 or more of the paranasal sinuses

30
Q

How does sinusitis occur?

A

Cilia of respiratory mucosa waft mucous toward ostia
Viral URTI causes swelling of mucosa, reducing diameter of ostia
Sinuses become filled with infected mucous and pressure builds

31
Q

Why is pain felt in sinusitis?

A

Sensation provided by CNV1 and CNV2

May be referred to the teeth

32
Q

Which sinus is predisposed to infection and why?

A

Maxillary

Ostium is located superior to cavity - cilia must work against gravity

ENT Anatomy (4 decks)

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