The Endocrine System Flashcards
(97 cards)
1
Q
Balance within the body
A
Homeostasis
2
Q
The endocrine system works in conjunction with the _______ system to maintain homeostasis within the body
A
nervous
3
Q
Hormone levels are regulated through ________ ________ mechanisms
A
Negative Feedback
4
Q
Positive feedback systems _________ change
A
REINFORCE (also only used for Labour!)
5
Q
The Endocrine System is run by ________ FEEDBACK LOOPS
A
NEGATIVE
6
Q
(NERVOUS SYSTEM OR ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?) Rapid response to change
A
Nervous System
7
Q
(NERVOUS SYSTEM OR ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?) Electrical/Chemical Signals
A
Nervous System
8
Q
(NERVOUS SYSTEM OR ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?) Sustained response to change
A
Endocrine system
9
Q
(NERVOUS SYSTEM OR ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?) Hormonal Signals
A
Endocrine system
10
Q
(NERVOUS SYSTEM OR ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?) Signals relayed through neurons
A
Nervous system
11
Q
(NERVOUS SYSTEM OR ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?) Signals related through the bloodstream
A
Endocrine system
12
Q
(NERVOUS SYSTEM OR ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?) Affects whole-body functioning
A
Endocrine system
13
Q
(NERVOUS SYSTEM OR ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?) Affects specific locations
A
Nervous system
14
Q
More than
A
Hyper
15
Q
Less than
A
Hypo
16
Q
a lot of solute
A
concentrated
17
Q
little solute
A
dilute
18
Q
regulates the pituitary, via nerves and hormones
A
HYPOTHALAMUS
19
Q
produces releasing hormones (factors) that stimulate the Anterior Pituitary Gland to release a stored hormone
A
HYPOTHALAMUS
20
Q
Many hormones released from Hypothalamus & Pituitary are Tropic Hormones meaning…
A
They stimulate OTHER GLANDS to release other hormones
21
Q
_________ pituitary stores but does not produce hormones (oxytocin and ADH). Connected to hypothalamus via nerves
A
Posterior
22
Q
________ pituitary synthesizes hGH, prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH. Stimulated by hypothalamus with hormones
A
Anterior
23
Q
_______ (gland) -> produces thyroxine and calcitonin
A
Thyroid
24
Q
___________ (gland) -> produces parathyroid hormone
A
Parathyroid
25
Adrenal _______ -> produces norepinephrine and epinephrine involved in the short-term stress response
MEDULLA ( = middle)
26
Adrenal ______ -> produces cortisol and aldosterone involved in the long-term stress response
CORTEX (= outside)
27
________ : has specialized clusters of cells (known as islets of Langerhans) secrete hormones into the bloodstream responsible for glucose regulation
Pancreas
28
Beta cells secrete what?
INSULIN
29
alpha cells secrete what?
GLUCAGON
30
Hormones interact with ________ proteins specific to their target tissue, inducing a change, which leads to a cascade of events within each cell
receptor
31
What are the two types of Hormones?
1. Water Soluble Hormones (proteins, peptides, and amino acid derivatives)
2. Fat Soluble Hormones (steroids)
32
_____ Soluble Hormones cannot cross the lipid membrane, and thus interact with cells by binding to external receptor cites
WATER
33
___ Soluble Hormones are able to diffuse across the lipid membrane, and this interact with cells by binding to receptor sites within the cytoplasm
FAT
34
_____ ______ hormone (hGH)
- secreted by the ANTERIOR PITUITARY
- increases protein synthesis, cell division and growth (of bone and muscle tissue in particular), and metabolic release of stored fats
HUMAN GROWTH HORMONE
35
Too much hGH as a young child creates the disorder _________
Gigantism (HYPERSECRETION)
36
Too little hGH as a child creates the disorder pituitary ________
dwarfism (HYPOSECRETION)
37
too much hGH as an adult creates __________
Acromegaly (HYPERSECRETION)
38
_________
- secreted by the Thyroid Gland after stimulation by Tropic Hormone TSH (released from Anterior Pituitary)
- Increases the rate at which the body metabolizes fats, proteins, and carbs
THYROXINE
39
_______________: Grave's Disease (Immune system attacks Thyroid)
Hyperthyroidism
40
______________: tired, weight gain
Hyperthyroidism
41
The Hypothalamus and Anterior Pituitary control the secretion of Thyroid Hormones through ___ negative feedback loops
TWO
42
What is the Thyroid (Thyroxine) negative feedback loop?
Hypothalamus -> (releasing factors/TRH) -> Anterior Pituitary -> TSH (Tropic) -> Thyroid Gland -> Thyroxine (increases rate of metabolism)
43
What are the two disorders of Thyroid Gland?
1. Hypothyroidism
2. Hyperthyroidism
44
____thyroidism: the thyroid gland does not make enough thyroid hormone
HYPO!
45
what causes Hypothyroidism?
Inflammation of the Thyroid Gland, which damages the gland's cells or autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland
46
what are symptoms of Hypothyroidism?
Cold, Fatigue, Dry skin, Hair loss, Weight gain, Sleep a lot, Goiter
47
what is Cretinism?
Hypothyroidism in children -> leads to abnormal mental and physical development, growth retardation
48
_____thyroidism: the thyroid gland makes too much thyroid hormone. The condition is often referred to as an "overactive thyroid"
HYPER
49
what causes Hyperthyroidism?
Getting too much iodine, Graves disease (autoimmune disease), inflammation (thyroiditis) of the thyroid due to viral infections, non-cancerous growths of the thyroid gland or pituitary gland
50
what are symptoms of Hyperthyroidism?
Increased metabolism, difficulty concentrating, heat intolerance, increased appetite, increased sweating, nervousness, restlessness, weight loss, goiter
51
how is Hyperthyroidism treated?
treated by removing a portion if the thyroid gland
52
The thyroid requires ______ to produce thyroxine
Iodine
53
Insufficient iodine in the diet thus inhibits thyroxine production, meaning there will be no signal to stop the secretion of ___
TSH
54
The constant simulation of the Thyroid Gland by TSH leads to the development of a ______
goitre
55
______
- Enlargement of the Thyroid Gland
- May be due to Iodine deficiency or overactive Thyroid
- Under relentless influence of TSH, cells of the thyroid continue to develop and the thyroid enlarges
Goiter
56
__________
- secreted by the thyroid
- plays a role in the regulation of blood calcium levels
- high concentrations of calcium in the blood trigger the release of it which stimulates the uptake of calcium into bones (thus lowering blood calcium levels).
CALCITONIN
57
___________ Hormone (PTH)
- secreted by the parathyroid
- plays a role in the regulation of blood calcium levels
- low concentrations of calcium in the blood trigger the release of PTH, which stimulates bone cells to reabsorb calcium into the blood (thus raising blood calcium levels)
PARATHYROID
58
(TRUE OR FALSE) Calcitonin and PTH are said to work antagonistically
TRUE
59
What is Epinephrine and Norepinephrine produced by?
the adrenal medulla
60
What does Epinephrine and Norepinephrine regulate?
body's short term response to stress
61
When presented with a stressful situation, neurons from the hypothalamus relay a signal to _______ _______ to secrete Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
Adrenal Medulla
62
Why is short-term response rapid?
because hormone release is mediated by the nervous system
63
What hormones are involved in a "fight or flight" response to prepare body for emergency situation?
Epinephrine and Norepinephrine
64
What is short term response to stress controlled by?
the sympathetic nervous system
65
what does short term response to stress increase?
heart rate, breathing rate, blood flow, blood glucose levels and redirects blood flow to brain and muscles
66
what is cortisol produced by after ACTH stimulation?
the adrenal cortex
67
what does cortisol promote?
the break down of fats and proteins (amino acids) to glucose sugar
68
is cortisol a long term response to stress?
YES (increases the energy available for use by cells)
69
what are long term health issues with cortisol?
impaired thinking, increased blood pressure, increased risk of diabetes and infection
70
what is Aldosterone produced by?
Adrenal Cortex
71
which hormone increases blood pressure by increasing the absorption of sodium (and therefore water) into the bloodstream?
Aldosterone
72
is aldosterone a long-term response to stress?
YES (increases delivery of oxygen and other nutrients to cells)
73
does ADH or Aldosterone respond when the body is dehydrated?
ADH
74
does ADH or Aldosterone respond when blood pressure is low?
Aldosterone
75
results from damage to the adrenal cortex, causing the body to produce inadequate amounts of cortisol and aldosterone
Addison's Disease
76
what are symptoms of Addison's disease?
Low blood sugar, Ion imbalances, Low blood pressure, Rapid weight loss, General weakness
77
how is Addison's disease treated?
injections of glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids
78
what is Insulin secreted by?
Beta cells of the islets of Langerhans (pancreas)
79
what does insulin do?
makes cells more permeable to glucose after a meal, thereby decreasing blood glucose
80
what does insulin promote?
the temporary storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver
81
what is glucagon secreted by?
alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans
82
what are the two things glucagon promote?
1) the breakdown of glucose in the liver to glucose, which is then released into the bloodstream
2) the breakdown of fatty tissue into glucose, thereby increasing blood glucose
83
insulin and glucagon are regulated by negative feedback mechanisms, working ________________ to maintain normal blood glucose levels
antagonistically
84
Diabetes ________
- the inability to produce enough insulin or respond appropriately to insulin
mellitus
85
what does diabetes mellitus cause?
blood glucose levels to rise sharply after meals
86
Diabetes ________
- lack of insulin to lower blood glucose and transport it to cells
- cells can't obtain glucose required for metabolism; individuals become fatigued
- body compensates by metabolizing fats and proteins. This releases ketones, a toxic by-product which causes bad breath
Mellitus
87
Type ___ Diabetes: Diagnosed in childhood
- immune system produces antibodies that attack and destroy the beta cells of the pancreas
- leads to decreased insulin production
one
88
how is type 1 diabetes treated?
daily insulin injections
89
Type ___ Diabetes: Develops over time
- cell receptors stop responding to insulin, or beta cells produce less insulin
- often associated with poor diet and lack of exercise
two
90
how is type 2 diabetes treated?
insulin injections before meals
91
what is Antidiuretic hormone secreted by?
Posterior Pituitary
92
what does Antidiuretic hormone regulate?
water reabsorption by kidneys
93
which hormone makes body excrete less, and more concentrated urine?
ADH
94
what does hyposecretion of ADH cause?
Diabetes Insipidus
95
Diabetes _________
- affected individuals produce large volumes of dilute urine, resulting in the loss of ions from the blood
- continuous risk of dehydration
Insipidus
96
Diabetes _________
- can occur during pregnancy, as components of the placenta are known to break down ADH
Insipidus
97
How is Diabetes Insipidus treated?
administering ADH
