The Endocrine System part 2

Question 1

the endocrine system works in concert wtih the what to regulate the body activity?

Answer 1

nervous system (automatic)

Question 2

hormones are produced by….

Answer 2

glands, organs, and tissues within the body aka organs

Question 3

hormone regulation of signaling includes:

Answer 3

endocrine, paracrine, and autocrine

Question 4

how do endocrine hormones work?

Answer 4

they are secreted and released into the blood to target specific sites/cells throughout the body

Question 5

how do paracrine hormones work?

Answer 5

they are secreted by endocrine cells and diffuses through the extracellular fluid to target neighboring cells

Question 6

how do autocrine hormones work?

Answer 6

they are secreted by a cell and binds to receptors on the same cell it does NOT leave the cell

Question 7

hormones are classified into what 3 primary categories?

Answer 7

protein/peptide, amino acid, and lipid-derived

Question 8

protein/peptides are synthesized within cells from what according to mRNA?

Answer 8

amino acids

Question 9

the protein/peptides receptor is located on what of the target cell?

Answer 9

cell membrane

Question 10

what kind of receptors are on protein/peptides?

Answer 10

G-protein-coupled and enzyme-linked

Question 11

lipid-derived are most derived from…

Answer 11

cholesterol

Question 12

T/F cholesterol are a 27-carbon structure

Answer 12

True

Question 13

T/F on the central sterol nucleus, there are five hydrocarbon rings

Answer 13

False, there are 4 hydrocarbon rings which includes the hydrocarbon tail and hydroxyl group

Question 14

T/F steroids are NOT lipid proteins

Answer 14

False, they are lipid proteins

Question 15

steroids are derivatives of what?

Answer 15

cholesterol

Question 16

amine hormones are synthesized from what?

Answer 16

tryptophan or tyrosine (single animo acids)

Question 17

where is the amino acid receptor located?

Answer 17

on/within the cell PM

Question 18

T/F the amino acid hormone name will always end with “ine”

Answer 18

True

Question 19

peptide/protein consist of a string of what?

Answer 19

amino acids

Question 20

how many amino acids are in peptides?

Answer 20

less then 10

Question 21

how many amino acids are in protein?

Answer 21

greater then 10

Question 22

steroid hormones are broken down into two subgroups:

Answer 22

glucocorticoids and sex hormones

Question 23

what do glucocorticoids produce?

Answer 23

cortisol

Question 23

what do sex hormones produce?

Answer 23

progesterone, testosterone, and estrogen

Question 23

where do steroid hormones get produced?

Answer 23

adrenal cortex, gonads, placenta, and kidneys

Question 23

what are the two sub-groups of amine hormones?

Answer 23

catecholamines and thyroid hormones

Question 24

what are catecholamines?

Answer 24

epinephrine and nor-epinephrine

Question 25

what are thyroid hormones?

Answer 25

double tyrosine amino acids and T3 and T4

Question 26

what is feedback control?

Answer 26

induction of some physical change in target tissue

Question 27

what are the two types of feedback?

Answer 27

positive and negative

Question 28

what are the two primary hypothalamus pituitary axis's?

Answer 28

hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis

Question 29

the primary hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal axis are...

Answer 29

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) folic stimulating hormone (FSH) luteinizing hormone (LH) androgens

Question 30

the primary hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis are...

Answer 30

corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) adrencortropic-releasing hormone (ACTH) glucocorticoid catecholamines

Question 31

is stress bad?

Answer 31

yes and no

Question 32

what are the two types of stress?

Answer 32

acute and chronic

Question 33

what are the characteristics of acute stress?

Answer 33

it is in short durations can be beneficial adjust metabolism enhance growth fight or flight acute enhancement short-term memory prime the immune system adjust metabolism

Question 34

what are the characteristics of chronic stress?

Answer 34

prolonged negative impact physical and mental stressors reduced immune response reduced nutrient intake reduced growth induce depression reduce cognitive growth

Question 35

catecholamines function as both what?

Answer 35

stress hormone and neurotransmitter

Question 36

what are two classes of primary stress hormones?

Answer 36

catecholamines and glucocorticoids

Question 37

T/F catecholamines are generally recognized as the flight or fight hormones

Answer 37

True

Question 38

T/F cortisol enhances the body for the fight or flight response

Answer 38

False, cortiscol prepares it