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Control and Movement > The eye > Flashcards

The eye Flashcards

1
Q

What fills the space between the cornea and the lens of the eye?

A

fluid filled aqueous humor

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2
Q

What is the function of the conjunctiva?

A

Lines inner surface of eyelids lubricates & protects the eye, protects cornea, enables independent movement of eyelids

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3
Q

What is the function of the sclera?

A
  • Tough, dense connective tissue
  • protective layer from injury, provides attachment for extra ocular muscles
  • carries vasculature
  • Covering of dura mayor as eye is outgrowth of diencephalon
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4
Q

What is the nerve supply to:

  • Sphincter pupillae muscle (circular muscles)
  • Dilator pupillae muscle (radial muscles)
  • Ciliary muscles within the ciliary body
A
  • SP= parasympathetic from oculomotor
  • DP= sympathetic from superior cervical ganglion
  • CM= parasympathetic from oculomotor
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5
Q

What are cataracts?

A

Lens of the eye becomes opaque, leads to increasing visual impairment

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6
Q

What does the pressure of aqueous humor control?

A

Maintains the shape of the cornea and thus the refractive properties of the eye

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7
Q

Where is aqueous humor made and reabsorbed?

A 
Made= ciliary body
Absorbed= sclera venous sinus (canal of schlemm)
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8
Q

What is glaucoma?

A
  • Problems with drainage of aqueous humor

- Inc intraocular pressure can lead to blindness by compression of the retina & its blood supply

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9
Q

What are the functions of the choroid layer of the eyeball?

A
  • Vascular layer-nourishes retina

- Assists with absorption of light to prevent scattering

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10
Q

What is the retina made up of?

A
  • Outer pigment cell layer: single cuboidal epithelial layer with melanin filled microvilli extending from inner surface
  • A multi layered neural retina
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11
Q

What does the retina line?

A

Most of posterior compartment of the eye, posterior to the lens & ciliary body

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12
Q

What does the retina contain?

A
  • Photoreceptors

- First & second order neurons of the visual pathway

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13
Q

What are the functional differences between rod & cone cells?

A 
R= Vision at low light levels, No colour, Low spatial acuity
C= Active at high light levels, colour, high spatial acuity
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14
Q

Where are there no photoreceptors in the eye? What does this form?

A
  • Optic papilla

- Forms a blind spot on the retina

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15
Q

What is the pathway taken by the axons of the retinal ganglion cells?

A
  • Run over inner surface of the retina
  • Converge on the optic disc or optic papilla
  • 2nd order ganglions turn outwards to form optic nerve
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16
Q

What is papilloedema and How does papilloedema occur?

A

Optic disc swelling caused by inc intracranial pressure

  • Subarachnoid space continuous with optic nerve sheath
  • CSF pressure inc transmits to optic nerve sheath
  • Acts as tourniquet impeding axoplasmic transport
  • Halo around optic disc due to retinal lifting
17
Q

What lies just lateral to the optic disc?

A
  • Yellow pigmented zone- Macula lutea

- Centre is a specialised region called the fovea

18
Q

What is the fovea and how is it specialised?

A
  • Point on the retina at which the image of the object at the centre of the visual axis falls
  • Consists of closely packed cone cells giving sharpest image & colour
19
Q

Where do blood vessels supplying the retina cells lie?

A

Central retinal artery traverses optic nerve & enters at optic disc

20
Q

What is the Ophthalmic artery a branch of?

A
  • Internal carotid

- Carried with optic nerve

21
Q

What are the interneuron layers of the retina and their function

A
  • Horizontal
  • Amacrine
  • Modulate information/improve quality
22
Q

Where are auditory & visual fibres projected to in the brainstem?

A 
A= Medial geniculate nucleus
V= Lateral geniculate nucleus
23
Q

Where specifically does light hit on the retina? Where does this pass to?

A
  • Temporal retina= ipsilateral geniculate nucleus

- Nasal retina= Contralateral geniculate nucleus

24
Q

Where do the upper & lower visual fields project to?

A
  • U= Pass to lower bank (striate) calcimine sulcus

- L= Pass to upper bank of calcarine sulcus

25
Q

How would a pituitary lesion affect vision?

A
  • Compress optic chiasma

- Heteronymous hemianopia

26
Q

Where does light hitting the Macula Lutea project to?

A

Occipital pole (most posterior)

27
Q

Where do pre-ganglionc fibres pass to?

A

Pass in occulomotor nerve to ciliary ganglion

28
Q

What is the Edinger-Westphal nucleus?

A

Parasympathetic cortex of oculomotor fibres pass to both L&R nuclei

29
Q

Where do optic radiation fibres pass to?

A

Calcarine sulcus of occipital lobe

Control and Movement (19 decks)

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