The Face and Senses Flashcards
(329 cards)
1
Q
The eye is connected to the central nervous system via the:
A
Optic nerve (CN II)
2
Q
A
Sphenoid
3
Q
A
Zygomatic
4
Q
A
Maxilla
5
Q
A
Lacrimal
6
Q
A
Ethmoid
7
Q
A
Optic canal
8
Q
A
Frontal
9
Q
Where is the upper border of the orbit?
A
the frontal bone
10
Q
Where is the medial border of the orbit?
A
formed from the frontal bone, the fronal process of the maxilla an the lacrimal bone
11
Q
Where is the lower border of the orbit?
A
consists of the maxilla and zygomatic bones, also known as the infraorbital margin
12
Q
Where is the lateral border of the orbit?
A
forms the frontal process of zygomatic bone and the zygomatic process of the frontal bone
13
Q
Where is the roof of the orbit?
A
is a part of the frontal bone’s orbital plate
14
Q
Where is the floor of the orbit?
A
made of the maxilla and zygomatic bones
15
Q
Where is the lateral wall of the orbit?
A
consists of the zygomatic bone and greater wing of sphenoid bone
16
Q
Where is the medial wall of the orbit?
A
the frontal process of the maxilla and the lacrimal and ethmoid bones form this wall
17
Q
A
Optic nerve
18
Q
A
Choroid
19
Q
A
Sclera
20
Q
A
Vitreous body
21
Q
A
Retina
22
Q
A
Lens
23
Q
A
Anterior compartment
24
Q
A
Cornea
25
Pupil
26
Iris
27
Ciliary body and muscle
28
Outer layer of the Eye
- cornea
| - sclera
29
Middle layer (Choroid) of the eye
- blood supply
- pupil
- iris
- muscles controlling the lens and pupil
30
Deep layer (the retina) of the eye
- Rods
- Cones
- Fovea Centralis
- Optic disc
31
Chambers of the Eye
- Anterior chamber
- Posterior chamber
- Vitreous body
32
Anterior chamber of the eye
This diameter contains a liquid, the aqueous humor, and the pupil
33
Posterior chamber of the eye
It is posterior to the iris, also contains aqueous humor, and surrounds the lens
34
Vitreous body
This is behind the lens forming the majority of the organ; it is filled with the gelatinous vitreous humor
35
Intraocular muscles
- Ciliary muscles
- Dilator Pupillae
- Sphincter pupillae
36
Extraocular muscles
- 6 extraocular muscles + the levator palpebrae superioris
- control eye movement
- Superior rectus
- Inferior rectus
- Medial rectus
- Lateral rectus
- Superior oblique
- Inferior oblique
37
Ciliary muscles (function, innervation)
- control the thickness of the lens via the suspensory ligaments
- under parasympathetic nervous control by cranial nerve 3 via the ciliary ganglion
38
Dilator and Sphincter Pupillae
- control the amount of light entering the pupil
- sphincter pupillae are under parasymethetic nervous control by cranial nerve 3 via the ciliary ganglion
- dilator pupillae is under sympathetic nervous control
39
Superior rectus
40
Lateral Rectus
41
Inferior oblique
42
medial rectus
43
Superior oblique
44
Medial rectus
45
Lateral rectus
46
Superior rectus
47
Common tendinous ring
48
Movement of the eyeball by the superior rectus
Elevation
49
Movement of the eyeball by the inferior rectus
Depression
50
Movement of the eyeball by the medial rectus
In (adduction)
51
Movement of the eyeball by the lateral rectus
Out (abduction)
52
Movement of the eyeball by the superior oblique
abduction and depression
53
Movement of the eyeball by the inferior oblique
abduction and elevation
54
Superior rectus
55
Lateral rectus
56
Medial rectus
57
Superior oblique
58
Optic nerve
59
Which orbital muscles does oculomotor nerve (CN 3) supply
all of the orbital muscles except lateral rectus and superior oblique
60
CN 6 supplies which oribital muscles
lateral rectus
61
CN 4 supplies which oribital muscles
Superior oblique
62
The sympathetic preganglionic axons leave the spinal cord at ________, travel up the ________, and synapse in the __________
- T1
- Sympathetic trunk
- Superior cervical ganglion
63
Interruption in the sympathetic pathway leads to:
ptosis (drooping of eyelid) and permanently constricted pupil
64
The parasympathetic pathway innervates:
the lacramal gland and the interior surface of the eye
65
Describe the innervation of the lacrimal gland and what the activation of this pathway leads to
- Preganglionic nerve fibres from the facial nerve (CN 7) synapse in the pterygopalatine ganglion and travel to the lacrimal gland
- Activation of this pathway leads to contraction of the smooth muscle of the lacrimal gland producing tears
66
Innervation of the interior surface of the eye
- The oculomotor nerve (CN 3) sends preganglionic fibres to the ciliary ganglion (directly behind the eyeball)
- Some postganglionic axons travel to the sphincter puppillae, while others travel to the ciliary muscle of the lens
67
Conjunctiva
a continuous membrane that covers the inside of the eyelids and blends into the cornea
68
Tarsal plates
thick fascial core of the eyelids
69
Palperbral fissure
opening of the eyelids
70
The lacrimal glands (where are they situated? Where do their ducts enter? pathway of tears?)
- situated at the upper, outer orbit
- their ducts enter the conjunctival sacs
- tears migrate medially into the lacrimal duct via the lacrimal punctum
71
The pharynx
a muscular tube that hangs down from the base of the occipital bone in front of the cervical vertbrae
72
3 layers of the pharynx
1. the inner mucosa
2. the middle fibrous tissue
3. the outer muscular layer
73
The pharynx communicates anteriorly with the:
- nasal cavity
- mouth
- larynx
74
3 regions of the pharynx
1. Nasopharynx
2. Oropharynx
3. Laryngopharynx
75
Nasopahrynx (where does it open? How does it communicate with the middle ear?)
- opens anteriorly into the nasal cavity via the choanae
- communicates with the middle ear by means of the tympanic (or Eustachian) tube, whose opening is on the side wall of the pharynx
76
Oropharynx (location? how does it connect to the mouth?)
- extends from the soft palate down to the hyoid bone
| - it is connected to the mouth through the fauces; this is the arch connecting the mouth to the pharynx
77
Laryngopharynx (where is it located? where is the opening to the larynx? what protects the entrance to the larynx?)
- This extends from the hyoid bone to the esophagus
- The opening to the larynx is located in the wall of the proximal laryngopharynx
- The entrance is protected by the epiglottis
78
Nasal cavity
79
Hard palate
80
Lip
81
Vestibule
82
Larynx
83
Trachea
84
Esophagus
85
Laryngo-pharynx
86
Oral pharynx
87
Nasal pharynx
88
Uvula
89
Nasal cavity
90
Hard palate
91
3 types of tonsils
1. Pharyngeal tonsil
2. Palatine tonsil
3. Lingual tonsil
92
Pharyngeal tonsil
a single entity and is located at the posterior wall of the top of the parynx
93
Palatine tonsils
- are paired and sit in a depression at the base of the fauces, with one on each side
- oval and have an upper and lower pole
- they rest on an extremely thick, fibrous base
- easily removed surgically
94
Lingual tonsils
- are small cluster of lymphoid tissue found on the posterior part of the tongue
95
uvula
96
Palatine tonsil
97
Tongue
98
Fauces
99
2 parts of the mouth
1. Vestibule
| 2. Oral Cavity - the mouth proper
100
Vestibule
- located between the lips and gums (and teeth)
| - lined by a mucous membrane and contains the opening of the duct of the parotid gland opposite the upper second cavity
101
Oral cavity
- contains the tongue
- roof (the palates)
- floor (beneath the tongue)
- two walls (the teeth)
102
Two muscle groups of the tongue
- Intrinsic muscles
| - Extrinsic muscles
103
Intrinsic muscles of the tongue (location, fibers, function)
- make up the body of the tongue
- consist of three groups of fibers: verticle, longitudinal and transverse fibers
- responsible for altering the shape of the tongue
104
4 extrinsic muscles of the tongue
- Genioglossus
- Hyoglossus
- Styloglossus
- Palatoglossus
105
Genioglossus
- this muscle pulls the tongue forward
- originates from the genial tubercle on the inside of the mandible
- inserts on the base of the tongue
106
Hyoglossus
- originates on the hyoid bone
- it is paired
- each individual muscle inserts on one side of the tongue
- depressed the tongue laterally
107
Styloglossus
- originates on the styloid process
- inserts onto the side of the tongue
- functions to elevate and retract the tongue
108
Palatoglossus
- runs from the side of the palate to enter the tongue
| - elevates the tongue
109
Palatoglossus
110
Styloglossus
111
Hypoglossus
112
Genioglossus
113
Genial tubercle
114
Palatoglossus
115
Styloglossus
116
Hypoglossus
117
Genioglossus
118
Vertical
119
Transverse
120
Longitudinal
121
Papillae
specialized processes that are contained within the unique mucosa that covers the tongue
122
Where are most of the papillae concentrated?
the top and the side of the tongue
123
Lingual frenulum
the mid-line which tethers the underside of the tongue to the floor of the mouth
124
Suluc terminalis
V-shaped groove two thirds back from the tip of the tongue, sepearating the tongue into an anterior 2/3 and posterior 1/3
125
Hard palate
126
Soft palate
127
Pharyngeal tonsil
128
Uvula
129
Pharynx
130
Esophagus
131
Trachea
132
Larynx
133
CN 9
134
CN V3
135
CN 7
136
Sulcus terminalis
137
CN 9
138
Motor innervation of the tongue
all of the muscle are innervated by the hypoglossal nerve (CN 12) excpet the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve (CN 10)
139
Sensory innervation of the tongue
- On the anterior 2/3 of the tongue there is V3 innervation for general sensation and CN 7 innervation for taste
- On the posterior 1/3 of the tongue CN 9 relays both general sensation and taste
140
3 salivary glands
- Parotid gland
- Submandibular gland
- Sublingual glands
141
Parotid gland (location? where do its ducts empty? what does it secrete? innervation?)
- located in front of the ear (parotid means in front of the ear)
- its duct empties into the mouth opposite the upper second molar
- secretes mostly a serous liquid
- innervated by CN 9
142
Submandibular gland (where is it located? where is its ducts opening and location? what does it secrete? innervation?)
- rests around the angle of the jaw
- its duct runs forward under the tongue and its opening is close to the base of the frenulum
- it secretes a mixed serous and mucous fluid
- innervated by CN 7
143
Sublingual glands (where is it located? where do its ducts open? innervation?)
- sit on the floor of each side of the mouth, lateral to the duct of the submandibular gland
- multiple ducts from this gland empty, by a series of small openings, into the floor of the mouth or they may open into the submandibular ducts
- innervated by CN 7
144
Parotid gland
145
Submandibular gland
146
Names of teeth that each half jaw contains:
- 2 incisors
- 1 canine
- 2 premolars
- 3 molars
147
Innervation of the upper jaw and teeth
innervated by the maxillary component of the trigeminal nerve (CN V2)
148
Innervation of the lower jaw and teeth
innervated by the mandibular component of the trigeminal nerve (CN V3)
149
Epiglottis
- prevents food from entering the airway by covering the entrance
- proximally protects the larynx
150
The organ of phonation
the larynx
151
The external skeleton of the larynx
- thyroid cartilage
| - cricoid cartilage
152
Thyroid cartilage of the larynx (size, shape, made of, features)
- largest cartilage
- shaped like a shield
- made of hyaline cartilage
- has an anterior prominence where the two sides meet forming the adam's apple
- each side has a prominent superior and inferior horn
- the superior horn articulates with the hyoid bone
- the inferior horn articulates with the cricoid cartilage
153
Cricoid cartilage of the larynx (shape, features)
- shaped like a signet ring and is wide posteriorly
- articlulates with the inferior horn of the thyroid cartilage
- between the thyroid and cricoid structures anteriorly is the cricothyroid ligament
154
Internal skeleton of the larynx
- Arytenoids
| - Epiglottal cartilage
155
Arytenoids (how many, shape, articulates with, controlled by, anterior processes, what attaches to these processes, any other process)
- paired, pyramidal structures
- articulate with the back of the cricoid cartilage
- controlled by muscles that cause them to rotate horizontally
- anterior processes are called the vocal processes
- vocal cords attach to the vocal processes
- Postero-laterally is a muscular process
156
Epiglottal cartilage (Type of cartilage, shape, location, what happens during swallowing)
- elastic type of cartilage
- racket-shaped
- attached to the inside of the front of the thyroid cartilage
- epiglottis is lined with respiratory epithelium on its underside
- when swallowing, the thyroid cartilage raises and the epiglottis drops to close off the laryngeal opening
157
Hyoid bone
158
Thyroid cartilage
159
Left lobe of thyroid gland
160
Cricoid cartilage
161
Trachea
162
Isthmus of thyroid gland
163
Right lobe of thyroid gland
164
Greater hyoid cornu
165
Cricothyroid
166
Tracheal rings
167
Recurrent laryngeal nerve
168
Membranes of the larynx
- Quadrangular membrane
| - Triangular membrane
169
Quadrangular membrane (upper or lower? anteriorly attached? posteriorly attached? lower free border name)
- upper membrane
- anteriorly attached to the sides of the epiglottis and the thyroid
- posteriorly attached to the arytenoids
- has a lower free border called the false vocal cords
170
Triangular membrane (Upper or lower? AKA? Lower border is attached to? Upper border is attached to? Attaches to?)
- lower membrane
- also called the conus elasticus
- its lower border is attached to the cricoid cartilage
- its upper border is free, forming the vocal cords
- attaches to the vocal processes and to the inside of the thyroid cartilage
- also called the cricothyroid ligament
171
Rima glottidis
- the opening between the vocal folds
- the muscles that act on the arytenoid, cricoid and thyroid cartilages change the width of this opening and the tension on the vocal cords
172
What is the largest muscle controlling the larynx?
the cricothyroid
173
Motor innervation of the larynx
the reccurent laryngeal nerves, which branches from the vagus nerve, innervate all muscles except the cricothyroid, which is served by the external laryngeal nerve, which is also a branch of the vagus
174
Sensory innervation of the larynx
above the vocal cords sensory information is carried by the superior laryngeal nerves, while below vocal cords it is carried by the recurrent laryngeal nerves
175
Quadrangular membrane
176
False vocal cords
177
True vocal cords
178
Triangular membrane
179
Thyroid
180
Rima glottidis
181
Vocal process
182
Arytenoid
183
Temporomandibular joint movements
- this joint allows for opening and closing of the mouth and limites side to side movements
- it is a synovial joint with a disc to facilitate complex movement
184
Temporomandibular joint bones
- the condyle (head) of the jaw articulates with the mandibular fossa in the base of the temporal bone
- the back of the socket is concave, but anteriorly the joint surface is convex, so that as the jaw moves forward there is some physiological (that is, natural) dislocation
185
Temporalis
186
Masseter
187
Orbicularis
188
Buccinator
189
Orbicularis oris
190
Sternomastoid muscle (location, origin, insertion, function, innervation)
- divides the neck into the anterior and posterior triangles
- originates on the manubrium and the medial end of the clavicle
- inserts on the mastoid process of the temporal bone
- turns the head to the opposite side
- innervated by the spinal accessory nerve (CN 11)
191
Scalene muscles (location, origin, insertion, function, innervated)
- 3 scalene muscles found in the posterior triangle: anterior, middle, and posterior
- all 3 originate from the transverse process of the middle to lower cervical vertebrae
- anterior division inserts on the scalene tubercle of the first rib
- middle division inserts behind it and the subclavian artery passes between the two insertions
- posterior division inserts onto the second rib
- they raise the thoracic cage as secondary muscles of respiration
- they are innervated by small twigs from the cervical nerves
192
Stylohyoid
193
Anterior digastric
194
Posterior digastric
195
Thyrohyoid
196
Sternomastoid
197
Scalene muscles
198
Trapezius
199
Muscles of the floor of the mouth (3)
- Mylohyoid
- Digastric
- Stylohyoid
200
Mylohyoid muscle (location, origin, insertion, function, innervation)
- makes up the floor of the mouth
- originates on the inside of the mandible
- inserts on the hyoid bone and upon its opposite partner by means of a raphe
- elevates the hyoid bone
- innervated by the mandibular nerve (CN V3)
201
Digastric muscle (location, origin, insertion, function, innervation)
- has an anterior and posterior belly
- the posterior belly runs down from the mastoid process
- the anterior belly runs up to the side of the genial tubercle
- help depress the mouth and elevates the hyoid
- the anterior belly is innervated by the mandibular nerve (CN V3)
- the posterior belly is innervated by the facial nerve (CN 7)
202
Stylohyoid muscle (origin, insertion, function, innervation)
- originates from the styloid process
- inserts on the body of the hyoid bone
- elevates the hyoid bone
- innervated by the facial nerve (CN 7)
203
Anterior belly of the digastric muscle
204
Posterior belly of the digastric muscle
205
Hyoid bone
206
Mylohyoid muscle
207
Mandible
208
Temporalis
209
Masseter
210
Lateral pterygoid
211
Medial pterygoid
212
Muscles of mastication (4)
- Temporalis
- Masseter
- Medial pterygoid
- Lateral pterygoid
213
Temporalis muscle (shape, location, insertion, function, innervation)
- large fan-shaped muscle occupying the temporal fossa
- its fibers pass through the zygomatic arch and insert on the coronoid process of the mandible
- Its function is to close the mouth
- innervated by the mandibular nerve (CN V3)
214
Masseter muscle (origin, insertion, innervation)
- originates on the zygomatic arch
- inserts onto the outside of the angle of mandible
- innervated by the mandibular nerve (CN V3)
215
Medial pterygoid muscle (origin, insertion, function, innervation)
- originates from the inside of the lateral pterygoid plate
- inserts on the deep angle of the jaw
- closes the mouth
- innervated by the mandibular nerve (CN V3)
216
Lateral pterygoid muscle (origin, insertion, function, innervation)
- arise from the greater wing and outer lateral pterygoid plate of the sphenoid bone
- inserts on the neck of the mandibular condyle
- when contracted, it causes protrusion of the jaw
- innervated by the mandibular nerve (CN V3)
217
Superior constrictor
218
Middle constrictor
219
Thryohyoid
220
Inferior constrictor
221
Muscles of the pharynx
- Superior constrictor
- Middle constrictor
- Inferior constrictor
222
Superior constrictor
- originates from the medial pterygoid plate and the ptergomandibular raphe
- shares an origin with the buccinator
- supplied by the vagus nerve (CN 10)
223
The middle constrictor
- originates from the stylohyoid ligament and the hyoid bone
| - supplied by the vagus nerve (CN 10)
224
Inferior constrictor
- originates from the thyroid and cricoid cartilages
| - supplied by the vagus nerve (CN 10)
225
Muscles of the faces
- Orbicularis oris
- Orbicularis occuli
- Buccinator
226
Orbicularis oris
- the circular muscle that orbits the mouth
| - its function is to protrude the lips
227
Orbicularis occuli
- this muscle surround the orbit
| - it closes the eyes when contracted
228
Buccinator
- principle muscle of the neck
- orginates from the pterygomandibular raphe and the mandible
- inserts onto the corner of the mouth
- helps the muscles of mastication by moving the food around in the mouth
229
Muscles of the scalp
Frontalis and occipitalis
230
Frontalis (origin, insertion, innervation)
- originates from the eyebrows
- insert into the fronto-occipital aponeurosis
- Inneravted by facial nerve (CN 7)
231
Occipitalis (origin, insertion, innervation)
- originates from the occipital bone
- inserts into the fronto-occipital aponeurosis
- innervated by the facial nerve (CN 7)
232
Layers of the scalpe
(Spells SCALP)
- Skin
- Connective tissue
- Aponeurosis
- Loose connective tissue
- Periosteum (bone)
233
Fronto-occipital aponeurosis
a thick layer of fascia crossing the head
234
External nose
- 2 nostrils
- paired nasal bones
- 2 sets of hyaline cartilages
- septal cartilage
- 2 lateral plates
- 2 alar cartilages
235
Septal cartilage
forms the interior part of the septum and unites posteriorly with the bony septum
236
nasal bone
237
lateral cartilage
238
alar cartilage
239
Internal nose
- links the external nose to the choanae
- ethmoid
- vomer
- sphenoid
- palatine bones
- cribiform plate
- spheno-ethmoidal recess
- superior, middle, inferior meatus
- maxillary sinus
- nasolacrimal duct
240
Sinus of frontal bone
241
Nasal bone
242
alar cartilage
243
Sphenoid sinus
244
Cribiform plate
245
Spheno-ethmoidal recess
246
Superior meatus
247
Middle meatus
248
Maxillary sinus
249
Nasolacrimal duct
250
Inferior meatus
251
Paranasal air sinuses
lines spaces inside the frontal, maxillary, ethmoid and sphenoid bones which have ducts to empty into the nasal cavity
252
Maxillary sinus
- a large space in the maxilla
- duct drains into the middle meatus
- its opening, the ostium, is high on the medial wall
253
Ethmoid sinuses
- series of small air-lined pockets in the lateral wall of the ethmoid bone
- easily seen in the medial wall of the orbit
- the anterior group drains into the middle meatus and the posterior group drains into the superior meatus
254
Frontal sinus (location, where do their ducts drain)
- large spaces are found above the margin of the orbit and their long ducts drain into the middle meatus
255
Sphenoidal sinus
- Two spaces in the body of the sphenoid bone, one on each side
- They drain into the spheno-ethmoidal recess
256
Middle ethmoid sinuses
257
Posterior Ethmoidal Sinuses
258
Maxillary sinus
259
Anterior ethmoidal sinus
260
Frontal sinus
261
Frontal sinus
262
Posterior ethmoid sinus
263
Orbit
264
Anterior ethmoid sinus
265
Maxillary sinus
266
Maxillary sinus
267
Nasolacrimal duct
268
Ostium
269
Spheno ethmoidal recess
270
Sphenoid sinus
271
External ear
- external acoustic canal
- auricle
- tympanic membrane
272
Auricle is made of what type of cartilage
made up of elastic cartilage
273
External acoustic canal
- The lateral third of the canal is cartilaginous and the medial two thirds are bony
- The outer part has hair, sebaceous glands and ceruminous (wax) glands
- The distal end of the canal is blocked by the bilaminar tympanic membrane, known commonly as the ear drum
274
Middle ear
- a chamber in the temporal bone
- contains the ossicles
- round and oval windows
275
Ossicles
the entrance to the auditory tube, a connection within the mastoid air cells and the round and oval windows
276
Malleus
277
Incus
278
Staples
279
How do the ossicles transmit sound waves to the inner ear?
The malleus, incus, and stapes bones connect the tympanic membrane, via synovial joints, to the oval window and its membrane, and thus transmit sound waves from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear
280
Internal ear
- Bony labyrinth
- Membranous labyrinth
- Endolymph fluid
- Perilymph fluid
- Cochlea
- Vestibular apparatus
-
281
The vestibular and cochlear components of CN V3 travel to the brain via the ___________
internal acoustic meatus
282
External ear
283
Accoustic canal
284
Tympanic membrane (ear drum)
285
Eustachian tube
286
Cochlear duct
287
Round window
288
Inner ear
289
Semicircular canals
290
Oval window
291
Middle ear
292
Describe the pathways of the carotid artieries in the head and neck
- The common carotid artery ascends in the neck in the carotid sheath along with the internal jugular vein and vagus nerve
- The common carotid bifurcates into the internal (which enters the brain) and external carotid arteries
- The bifurcation is at the same level as the top of the thyroid cartilage
293
External carotid artery supplies:
the face and neck
294
Branches of the external carotid artery:
- Superior thyroid
- Lingual
- Facial
- Occipital
- Posterior auricular
- Maxillary
- Superficial temporal
295
Maxillary artery
296
Facial artery
297
Lingual artery
298
External carotid
299
Superior thyroid artery
300
Internal jugular
301
Internal carotid
302
CN 11
303
Occipital artery
304
Posterior auricular artery
305
Internal carotid enters the skull through the:
carotid canal
306
Carotid siphon
S or U shaped turns of the internal carotid artery that sits on either side of the pituitary gland and its distal end runs through the cavernous sinus
307
Vertebral arteries
- The paired vertebral arteries run up the transverse foramina in the cervical vertebrae and enter the skull via the foramen magnum
- They give off branches in the neck
308
Venous drainage from the brain
- The drainage of blood and CSF from the brain is done mainly by the dural venous sinuses
- These all eventually drain into the internal jugular vein as it leaves the jugular foramen
309
Name the dural venous sinuses (6)
- Superior sagittal sinus
- Inferior sagittal and straight sinuses
- Transverse sinus
- Sigmoid sinus
- Cavernous sinus
- Superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
310
Cavernous sinus
311
Inferior petrousal sinus
312
Sigmoidal sinus
313
Transverse sinus
314
Confluence
315
Superior petrosal sinus
316
Jugular foramen
317
Straight sinus
318
Tentorum cerebelli
319
Explain the superior sagittal in venous drainage
The superior sagittal meets the straight sinus (which drains the inferior sagittal sinus) in the confluence at the center of the occipital bone
320
Explain the transverse sinuses in venous drainage
The transverse sinuses take the blood and CSF laterally to the sigmoid sinuses which empty into the internal jugular veins
321
Where do the cavernous sinus empty during venous drainage
The cavernous sinus empties into the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses
322
Where do the superior and inferior petrosal sinuses drain into
The inferior petrosal sinuses goes directly into the jugular and the superior petrosal sinuses drains into the proximal sigmoid sinus
323
Explain venous drainage from the face
- The retromandibular vein bifurcates to drain into the internal and external jugular veins
- The facial vein empties into the internal jugular vein
- The posterior auricular vein drains into the external jugular vein
324
Sensory innervation of the head and neck
- The three sensory branches of the trigeminal nerve all receive information from the face
- The opthalmic branch (CN V1) is sensory to the forehead
- The maxillary branch (CN V2) supplies the nose, cheek and temple
- The mandibular branch (V3) serves the skin of the jaw and lateral cheek
- The anterior neck and the area posterior to the ear are innervated by C2 and C3
- The side and back of the neck and back of the head are innervated by branches from C2-C5.
325
Posterior auricular artery
326
External jugular vein
327
Internal jugular vein
328
Facial vein
329
Retromandibular vein
