The GIT part 2

Question 1

What makes up the foregut

Answer 1

Oesophagus, stomach, duodenum (+liver and pancreas)

Question 2

What makes up the midgut

Answer 2

Jejunum + ileum + large intestine + appendix

Question 3

What makes up the hindgut

Answer 3

Rectum + anus

Question 4

3 constrictor muscles of the pharynx

Answer 4

Superior, middle and inferior - they contract sequentially to propel the bolus towards the oesophagus

Question 5

What are the 3 pairs of longitudinal muscles

Answer 5

Stylopharyngeus
Palatopharyngeus
Salpinogphayngeus

Question 6

Type of epithelium in the oesophagus

Answer 6

Non- keratinised stratified squamous

Question 7

What type of muscle is in the oesophagus

Answer 7

Skeletal muscle 2/3 - allows for conscious swallowing

Smooth muscle 1/3 - unconscious control of passage of food into the stomach

Question 8

What shape is the stomach

Answer 8

J shaped

Question 9

Four divisions of the stomach

Answer 9

Cardia - superior opening
Fundus - Rounded portion superior and left ofcardia
Body - Large central portion below fundus
Pylorus - Connects stomach to duodenum (contains pylorus canal, antrum and sphincter)

Question 10

4 sections of the duodenum

Answer 10

1st superior
2nd descending
3rd inferior
4th ascending

Question 11

Function of liver

Answer 11

Secretes bile

Neutralises acidic chyme and emulsifies lipids

Question 12

What are peyer’s patches

Answer 12

Found in ileum

Lymphoid tissue

Question 13

Function of large intestine

Answer 13

Reabsorption

Question 14

Function of crypts of lieberkuhns

Answer 14

Provide stem cells for the renewal of the intestinal epithelium - found in the small intestine (produce new cells to replace those lost to abrasion)

Question 15

Function of brunners glands

Answer 15

Located in submucosa of duodenum

Secrete an alkaline fluid containing mucin - protects the mucosa from the acidic stomach contents entering the duodenum

Question 16

What are enterocytes

Answer 16

Express catabolic enzymes; role in absorption - absorbing molecules from the gut and transporting them to the inner connective tissue

Question 17

Function of goblet cells

Answer 17

Secrete mucus

Question 18

Function of enter- endocrine cells

Answer 18

Gastro-intestinal hormone secretion

Secretin; pancreozymin; enteroglugagon etc. Sensory function – synapsing with afferent nerves

Question 19

Function of paneth cells

Answer 19

Synthesis of anti- microbial peptides

Question 20

Function of M (microfold) cells

Answer 20

Antigen presenting cells

Question 21

Function of the hepatopancreatic sphincter (Also known as the sphincter of oddi)

Answer 21

Controls the passage of bile and pancreatic enzymes into the duodenum - stops them from coming back up

Question 22

What stimulates bile being released into the duodenum

Answer 22

CCK - Cholecytoskinin

Question 23

Function of amylase

Answer 23

Breaks starch down into maltose and

Question 24

What are plicae circulares

Answer 24

Circular folds - found in the jejenum and ileum

Question 25

What is the ileocaecal valve

Answer 25

A sphincter that regulates the flow of material from the ileum to the large intestine

Question 26

What shape is the large intestine

Answer 26

Horseshoe shaped

Question 27

What are haustra

Answer 27

Pouches formed by the large intestine in the wall

Question 28

Function of sigmoid colon

Answer 28

Empties content into the rectum

Question 29

What are the vitamins synthesised by the intestinal bacteria (large intestine)

Answer 29

Vitamin k - clotting Biotin - glucose metabolism Pantothenic acid - vitamin B5

Question 30

What is bilirubin converted to in the large intestine

Answer 30

Bacteria convert bilirubin (what is made after red blood cells die) to urobilinogens and stercobilinogens

Question 31

What type of epithelium is the anus lined by

Answer 31

Keratinised epithelium

Question 32

Disorders of the small intestine

Answer 32

``` Ulcers Coeliac disease - gluten enteropahy Cancer Inflammatory bowel disease Infections ```

Question 33

Function of glycocalyx cells in the small intestine

Answer 33

Lubrication

Question 34

Optimum pH of amylase

Answer 34

5.6-6.9