The Head: Scalp, The Face, The Orbit, The Eyeball, The Ear, and The Parotid Region

Question 1

What can the five layers of the scalp spell?

Answer 1

Skin, Connective tissue, Aponeurosis, Loose Connective Tissue, Periosteum… SCALP

Question 2

What are the principal sources of blood to the scalp?

Answer 2

Internal carotid and external carotid artery branches

Question 3

What location will each branch of the fifth cranial nerve pass into upon exit from the middle cranial fossa?

Answer 3

Ophthalmic nerve-orbit; maxillary nerve- pterygopalatine region; mandibular nerve- infratemporal region

Question 4

Which divisions of the trigeminal nerve receive sensory information from the scalp?

Answer 4

All 3 divisions: ophthalmic nerve, maxillary nerve, and mandibular nerve

Question 5

What nerve(s) and cord levels of origin to the cervical plexus supply the scalp?

Answer 5

Greater auricular nerve- C2, C3 ventral rami branches; Lesser occipital nerve- C2(C3) ventral rami branches

Question 6

Which dorsal ramus nerve branch (name and cord level of origin) supplies the scalp?

Answer 6

Greater occipital nerve- C2, C3 communicating ramus

Question 7

What nerve(s) provide motor innervation to the scalp?

Answer 7

Facial nerve branches

Question 8

What type of motor fibers to skeletal muscle are given off by the facial nerve?

Answer 8

Branchial efferent (BE)

Question 9

What is the embryonic origin of skeletal muscles innervated by the facial nerve?

Answer 9

The skeletal muscle is derviced from teh branchial arches hence branchial efferent

Question 10

What is the third layer of the scalp associated with?

Answer 10

Muscular component of the scalp

Question 11

What muscle(s) are specifically associated with the scalp?

Answer 11

Frontalis and occipitalis bellies of the epicranius muscle

Question 12

The bellies of the epicranius muscle are connected by what structure?

Answer 12

Galea aponeurotica

Question 13

What is unusual/unique about the muscles of the face?

Answer 13

They do not act as lever muscles; they do not attach to bone at both origin and insertion

Question 14

Which muscles lack any attachment to bone?

Answer 14

Orbicularis oris, procerus, and risorius

Question 15

What is the source of innervation for all muscles of facial expression?

Answer 15

Facial nerve branches

Question 16

What opening(s) are located along the superior wall of the orbit?

Answer 16

Optic canal

Question 17

What are the contents of the optic canal?

Answer 17

Optic nerve and ophthalmic artery

Question 18

What is the name given to the medial wall of the orbit?

Answer 18

Lamina papyracea

Question 19

What opening(s) are located along the lateral wall of the orbit?

Answer 19

Superior orbital fissure

Question 20

What opening(s) are located along the inferior wall of the orbit?

Answer 20

Inferior orbital fissure

Question 21

What is contained int eh inferior orbital fissure?

Answer 21

Maxillary division fo trigeminal nerve

Question 22

What are the layers of the eyelid?

Answer 22

Skin, orbicularis oculi muscle, tarsal plate/tarsus, and palpebral conjunctiva

Question 23

What are the names given to the modified sebaceous gland in the tarsus of the eyelid?

Answer 23

Tarsal or Meibomian gland

Question 24

What is the location of the Meibomian gland?

Answer 24

Tarsus of the eyelid

Question 25

What is the function of the Meibomian gland?

Answer 25

Produces a thick, hydrophobic substance that prevents tears from overflowing onto the cheeks along the margin of the eyelid

Question 26

What is the name of the modified sebaceous gland at the base of the eyelash?

Answer 26

Ciliary gland

Question 27

Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the seventh cranial nerve originate from which nucleus?

Answer 27

Superior salivary nucleus

Question 28

Preganglionic visceral efferent fibers of cranial nerve VII will exit the pons in what nerve?

Answer 28

Nervus intermedius, nerve of Wrisberg, sensory root of facial nerve

Question 29

Which immediate branch of the seventh cranial nerve will convey preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland?

Answer 29

Greater petrosal or greater superficial petrosal nerve

Question 30

What is the continuation of the greater petrosal nerve of the seventh cranial nerve?

Answer 30

Vidian nerve or nerve of the pterygoid canal

Question 31

What are teh names of the ganglion of synapse in teh efferent pathway to teh lacrimal galnd?

Answer 31

Pterygopalatine ganglion, sphenopalatine ganglion, Meckels's ganglion

Question 32

Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers from the pterygopalatine, sphenopalatine or Meckel's ganglion will become incorporated in which cranial nerve branch?

Answer 32

Maxillary nerve of the trigeminal

Question 33

The zygomaticotemporal nerve will convey postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers to the lacrimal gland through a communication with which branch of the fifth cranial nerve?

Answer 33

Ophthalmic nerve

Question 34

Sympathetic stimulation of the lacrimal gland will result in what events?

Answer 34

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels, limited availability of water to secretory units, more viscous or thicker product formed in glandular lumen

Question 35

Parasympathetic stimulation of targets in the lacrimal gland will result in what events?

Answer 35

Vasodilatation of blood vessels, increased availability of water to secretory units, thinner or more watery product in lumen; constriction of myoepithelial cells leading to release of product from secretory lumen into duct system

Question 36

What are the names of the layers of the eyeball?

Answer 36

Fibrous tunic, uveal tract, and retina

Question 37

What are the parts of the uveal tract of the eyeball?

Answer 37

Iris, ciliary body, choroid, and pupil

Question 38

What are the receptor neurons of the second cranial nerve?

Answer 38

Rod and cone photoreceptor cells

Question 39

What is the function of the rod cell?

Answer 39

Provide vision in dim light conditions

Question 40

What is the function of the cone cell?

Answer 40

Provide vision in bright light conditions and mediate color vision

Question 41

What is the most numerous photoreceptor cell?

Answer 41

Rod cell

Question 42

What forms the optic nerve?

Answer 42

Axons of ganglion cells

Question 43

What is the location of the anterior chamber of the eyeball?

Answer 43

Between the cornea and iris

Question 44

What is the location of the posterior chamber of the eyeball?

Answer 44

Between the iris and lens

Question 45

What is contained in the anterior chamber of the eyeball?

Answer 45

Aqueous humor

Question 46

What is contained in the posterior chamber of the eyeball?

Answer 46

Aqueous humor

Question 47

What is the name given to the chamber behind the lens?

Answer 47

Vitreous chamber

Question 48

What is the location of the vitreous chamber?

Answer 48

Behind the lens, in front of the retina

Question 49

What fills the vitreous chamber?

Answer 49

Vitreous body

Question 50

What are the functions of the vitreous body?

Answer 50

Maintain retinal curvature; allow minimal light distortion from lens to retina

Question 51

What are the common characteristics in origin and insertion of all rectus extraocular muscles?

Answer 51

They all originate from a common annular tendon in teh orbit. They all insert into the sclera in front of the coronal equator of the eyeball

Question 52

What is the common characteristic regarding the insertion of both oblique extraocular muscles?

Answer 52

Both insert onto sclera on the lateral margin of the eyeball behind the coronal equator

Question 53

What is the source of innervation of the specific intrinsic eye muscles?

Answer 53

Paraympathetic fibers from oculomotor nerve- ciliaris, sphinter pupillae Sympathetic fibers from internal carotid artery plexus- dilator pupillae

Question 54

What are the two unique features of the fourth cranial nerve?

Answer 54

It is the only cranial with an apparent origin from the dorsal surface of the brain; It is the only cranial efferent nerve to decussate within the midbrain from its nucleus

Question 55

Visceral efferent fibers conveyed in the third cranial nerve originate from which nucleus?

Answer 55

Accessory oculomotor nucleus of Edinger/Westphal

Question 56

What is the location of synapse for preganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve?

Answer 56

Ciliary ganglion

Question 57

Postganglionic parasympathetic efferent fibers of the third cranial nerve are carried in which nerve?

Answer 57

Short ciliary nerve

Question 58

What is unique about the vascular supply of the retina?

Answer 58

A single vessel supplies it

Question 59

What vessel supplies the inner tunic of the eyeball?

Answer 59

Central artery of the retina

Question 60

What is the name given to the palpable posterior project ion corresponding to the triangular fossa of the auricle?

Answer 60

Eminentia triangularis

Question 61

What is the name given to the palpable posterior projection corresponding to the concha of the auricle?

Answer 61

Eminentia concha

Question 62

What is the name of the palpable posterior projection of the eminentia concha of the auricle?

Answer 62

Ponticulus

Question 63

The auricle will receive sensory innervation via which specific cranial nerve branches?

Answer 63

Auriculotemoporal nerve (mandibular division, trigeminal), posterior auricular cutaneous nerve (facial), auricular nerve (vagus)

Question 64

Skin lining the external acoustic meatus contains what modified sebaceous glands?

Answer 64

Ceruminous glands

Question 65

What is cerumen?

Answer 65

The product of ceruminous glands forming the bulk of ear wax

Question 66

What vein is formed within the parotid gland?

Answer 66

The retromandibular vein

Question 67

What branch of the facial nerve penetrates the parotid gland, but is not given off within it?

Answer 67

The chorda tympani nerve