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General anatomy and physiology > The human brain > Flashcards

The human brain Flashcards

1
Q

What are the six majot regions of the brain

A

The cerebum
The cerebellum
The diencephalon
The midbrain
The pons
The medualla oblongata

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2
Q

How is the cerebellum divided

A

divided into paired cerebral hemisphere by the longtitudnal fissure

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3
Q

How does the cerebum communicate

A

via the corpus callosum, an extensive bridge of nerve tracts

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4
Q

What are the elevations and depression of the cerebrum called

A

Gyri is elevation and sulci is depression

The deeper grooves/sulci are called fissures

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5
Q

What is the primary function of the frontal lobe

A

Primary motor area and conscious thought, personality, problem solving and speech production

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6
Q

What is the primary function of the temporal lobe

A

primary auditory, taste, smell and speech recognition area

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7
Q

What is the primary function of the parietal lobe

A

primary somatosensory area (pain, touch etc)

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8
Q

What is the primary function of the occipital lobe

A

primary visual area, eye movements

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9
Q

What is the primary motor cortex

A

frontal lobe (directs voluntary movement)

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10
Q

What is the primary sensory cortex

A

parietal lobe

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11
Q

What are the speical sensory cortexes

A

Visual cortex is occipital lobe

Auditory, olfactory and gustatory cortex is temporal lobe

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12
Q

Where is cerebrospinal fluid produced

A

In the choroid plexus within ventricles

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13
Q

What part does CSF fill

A

fill ventricles, central canal of spinal cord and abarachnoid space

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14
Q

What is the function of CSF

A

Cushions brain and spinal cord against physical trauma

Supports brain

Transports nutrients, chemical messengers and waste products

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15
Q

What is contralateral control

A

The motor cortex of each cerebral hemisphere is mainly responsible for control of movements of the opposite side of the body

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16
Q

What is the broca’s area and where is it located

A

The speech center responsible for articulation of motor production of speech

Is located at the frontal lobe in the dominant hemisphere

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17
Q

What is the name of the general interpretive area and where is it located

A

Wernicke’s area, responsible for understanding of speech (verbally or spoken)

Is located at the temporal lobe in the dominant hemisphere

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18
Q

What are the three types of aphasia

A

Wernicke’s aphasia (receptive): ability to grasp the meaning of spoken words is chiefly impaired- associated with dominant temporal lobe CVA (cereberal vascular accident)

Broca’s aphasia (expressive): trouble speaking fluently but their comprehnsion can be relatively preserved- associated with frontal lobe/ motor disorders

Global aphasia: both frontal and temporal lobe is affected

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19
Q

What does cerebellum play a part in

A

produces smooth, coordinated, voluntary movements

Receives amd intergrates sensory input from the eye, ears, joing and muscles about the curent position of the body (proprioception)

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20
Q

State the functions of the midbrain

A

Relay station between the cerebrum and the spinal cord or cerebellum

Has reflex centers for visual, auditory and tactile stimuli

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21
Q

State the functions of the pons

A

communicate between the cerebellum and the rest of the CNS

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22
Q

State the functioons of medulla oblongata

A

Containts reflex centers for regulating heartbeat, breathing and vasoconstriction (b.p)

23
Q

How is blood supplied to the brain

A

Circle of willis

24
Q

What is a stroke/ cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

A sudden death of brain cells/ tissue, due to lack of oxygen when the blood flow to the brain is lost by blockage or rupture of an artery

25
Q

what are the names of the 12 cranial nerves

A

Oh (Olfactory)
Oh (Optic)
Oh (Oculomotor)
To (Trochlear)
Turn (Trigeminal)
And (Abducens)
Face (Facial)
A (Auditory/ Vestibulocochlear)
Great (Glossopharyngeal)
Vtuber (Vagus)
Such A (Spinal Accessory)
Honor (Hypoglossal)

26
Q

What does cranial nerve I do

A

special sensory (smell)

27
Q

What does cranial nerve II do

A

Special sensory (vision)

28
Q

What does cranial nerve III do

A

Motor (eye movements)

Constriction and dilation of the pupil

29
Q

What does cranial nerve IV do

A

Motor (eye movements)

Supplies the superior oblique muscles (SO4)

30
Q

What type of nerve is cranial nerve V

A

Mixed nerve

31
Q

What does the inflammation of CN V cause

A

Trigeminal neuralgia: sever pain on the face

32
Q

What does cranial nerve VI

A

Motor (eye movements)

Suppiles the lateral rectus (LR6) muscle

33
Q

What does cranial nerve VII do

A

Taste on anterior part of the tongue and muscles of facial expression (mixed nerve)

34
Q

What happens if cranial nerve VII is affected

A

Facial/ Bell’s palsy, dropping of the corner of the mouth/ cannot close the eye

35
Q

What does cranial nerve VIII do

A

Vestibular branch: balance and equilibrium

Cochlear branch: hearing

36
Q

What does cranial nerve IX

A

Taste sensation on posterior half of tongue and swallowing

37
Q

What does cranial nerve X do

A

Mixed nerve. reduces heart rate

38
Q

What does cranial nerve XI

A

Motor to muscles of neck and upper back, elevation and depression of shoulder joint

39
Q

What does cranial nerve XII

A

Motor, tongue movements

40
Q

What is the mnumonic for the the type of nerves in the body

A

Some say my mother bought my brother some bad beer, my, my

41
Q

Defintion of a reflex

A

Rapid, automatic, involuntary responses to stimuli

42
Q

what is simple reflex

A

The wriing of a single reflex that begins at the receptor and endds at the peripheral effector

(usually oppose orignal stimulus, aka negative feedback)

43
Q

Describe how simple reflex is carried out

A

Arrival of stimulus, activation of receptor, activation of sensory neuron, information processing by posynaptic cell, activation of motor neuron, response of peripheral effector

44
Q

How many synapse is in a simple reflex and give examples of simple reflex

A

one

Knee jerk, popliteal reflex

45
Q

What is a complex reflex

A

circuit has more than one synapse

46
Q

What is a withdrawal reflex

A

A type of complex reflex, where one moves body aprt away from stimulus

47
Q

Give an example of a withdrawal reflex

A

When one touches a hot pan, the pain receptors in hand are stimulated, interneurons activated in spinal cord gray matter, activation of motor neuorns produces flexor muscles contraction and extensor muscle inhibition

48
Q

What type of control does SNS operate under

A

voluntary control

49
Q

What muscles do SNS control

A

controls skeletal muscles

50
Q

What is type of control does the ANS operate under

A

unconscious regulation of body functions, cardiovascular etc

Controls smooth muscles, cardiac muscles and glands

51
Q

What is the function of sympathetic division and when does it “kick in”

A

Increases alertness, metabolic rate and muscular abilities

“Kicks in” only during exertion, stress or emergency

“Fight or flight”

52
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic division

A

Reduces metababolic rate and promotes digestion

controls during resting conditions

“rest and digest”

53
Q

What type of neurons play a role in the Sympathetic division

A

Preganglionic neurons at spinal cord and ganglionic neurons near vertebral column

54
Q

What type of neurons play a role in the parasympathetic division

A

Preganglionic neurons in brain stem and sacral segment of spinal cord

Ganglionic neurons in peripheral ganlia within or adjacent to target organs

General anatomy and physiology (14 decks)

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