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General anatomy and physiology > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous system and endocrine system difference

A

Nervous system is faster to respond, action lasts for a shorter time, has a specific target and neurotransmitters are invovled (hormones involved in endocrine system)

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2
Q

Functions of t he nervous system

A
  • monitors body’s internal and external environments
  • Integrates sensory information

-Co-oridnates volutary and involuntary responses of all other organ system

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3
Q

What are the 2 parts of the nervous systems in the body

A

Centeral nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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4
Q

What is the CNS made of and what is its function

A

Made up of brain and spinal cord

Function is to integrate and coordinate input and output

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5
Q

What is the PNS made of and what is its function

A

Made up of all the neural tissue outside of the CNS

Function: the connection between the CNS and the organs

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6
Q

What are the two divisions in the PNS and what does each do

A

Afferent division, brings sensory information to CNS from receptors of PNS

Efferent division, carries motor commands from CNS to effectors in organs and tissues

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7
Q

Identify the two functional divisions of the peripheral nervous system and describe their primary functions

A

Somatic Nervous system, controls skeletal muscle conractions

Autonomic nervous system, automatically regulates involuntary muscles (smooth, cardiac muscles n glandular secretions)
Consits of sympathetic and parasympathetic division

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8
Q

Name the two types of cell in the nervous tissue and describe thier primary function

A

Neurons, transmits nerve impulse

Neuroglia, protects support and regulate the environment around the neurons

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9
Q

State the structures of the neurons and its respective function

A

Dendrites, receive signals

cell body, contains the nuclues and organelles

axon hillock, where electrical signal begins

axon, carry signals to the next cell

axon terminals, bulb- shaped endings that form a stnapse with the next cell

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10
Q

What is a myelin sheath

A

A lipid covering on long axons that acts to increase the speed of nerve impulse conduction

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11
Q

What are the gaps between the myelination on axons called

A

Nodes of Ranvier

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12
Q

What are the structural classificiation of neurons and what type of information does it relay

A

Multipolar neurons, motor neurons in skeletal muscles

Unipolar neuron, sensory

Bipolar neuron, relay information about special sense- sight, smell, hearing, taste

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13
Q

What are the functional classification of neurons

A

Sensory (afferent) neurons: carry information from receptor to CNS

Motor (efferent) neurons: carry commands from Brain/ spinal cord to the effectors

Interneurons/ association neurons: connect sensory and motor neurons and is only found in CNS organs, involved in memory, planning and learning

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14
Q

Type of neuroglial cells in the CNS and their primary function (MOEA)

A

Microglia: Phagocytic cell

Oligodendrocytes: produce mylein that serve as electrical insulation to increase speed of signal transmission, white matter of CNS

Ependymal cell: Lines cavities in CNS and produces CSF

Astrocytes: maintain blood brain barrier

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15
Q

Type of cells in PNS and its primary function

A

Satelllite cells, support function

Schwann cells, produce mylein sheath that covers nerves in PNS

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16
Q

What causes a nerve impulse

A

change in the plasma membrane’s electrical potential may result in an action potential

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17
Q

What are the three types of potential

A

Resting membrane potential, -70mV

Graded potential, temporary localized change in resting potential caused by stimulus

Action potential, electrical impulse produced by a threshold stimuls that propagates along surface of axon to synapse

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18
Q

How is action potential generated

A

Resting membrane potential (70mV)

Depolarization, when sodium channel opens and sodium ions move into the cell

At +20mV,
Repolarization, where sodium channel closes n potassium channel opens, resulting in potassium ions moving out of the cell into the intracellular fluid

Hyperpolarization for a breif periodm -90mV

Return to resting membrane potential (the Na+ and K+ pump, 3 Na+ out 2 K+ in)

19
Q

What are the two types of propagation and give a breif description of them respectively

A

Continous propagation, occus in unmyelinated fibers and is relatively slow

Saltatory propgation, is in myelinated axons and is faster

(your high when u hv salt so u move faster- not rlly LMAO)

20
Q

What does sodium channel blockers do and state its clinical applications

A

Slows the activity of neurons by affecting the depolarization

Used in local anesthetic agents and anti epileptic drugs

21
Q

What toxin does fugu fish contain and how does it affect the body

A

Tetrodotoxin, blocks sodium channels and causes dizziness, weaknes to paralysis, brainstem dysfunction, perioral tingling

22
Q

What is a synapse

A

A junction where one neuron communicates with another cell/ neuron/ musccle cell/ gland

23
Q

What is synaptic transmission

A

process of transmission of impulse from neuron (presynaptic) across a cleft to receiving (postsynaptic) target cell

24
Q

Explain the process of cholinergic synapse

A
  1. An action potential arrives and depolarizes the axon terminal
  2. Extracellular calcium enters the axon terminal, triggering the exocytosis of acetylcholine (ACh)
  3. ACh binds to receptors and depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane
  4. ACh is removed by AChE (acetylcholinesterase)
25
Q

Name the other types of neurotranmitters

A

Norephinephrine (NE)

Dopamine

Serotonin

Gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA)

26
Q

What are the three meninges surrounding the CNS

A

Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater

27
Q

What is the function of the meninges

A

Provides physical stabilty, protection and shock absorption

28
Q

What does the epidrual space between the spinal dura mater and walls of vetebral canal contain

A

loose connective and adipose tusse

29
Q

What is the injection site for anethesia

A

The dura mater

30
Q

Which layer contains the CSF

A

Sub Arachnoid Space

31
Q

What is the pia mater made of

A

A mesh of collagen and elastic fibers and is bound to underlying neural tissue

32
Q

What is meningitis and its symptoms

A

Inflammation of meningeal layers caused by bacteria, fungi etc.

Fever. neck stiffness and photophobia

33
Q

How is meningitis diagnosed

A

Spinal tap (between L3 and L4) or lumbar puncture and examination of CSF

34
Q

How can head injury affect the meningeal spaces

A

May cause bleeding of haemorrhage in the meningeal spaces

35
Q

Where is spinal anesthesia given

A

In the subarachnoid space before any surgery

36
Q

Where is epidural anesthesia given

A

In epidural space for painless labour

37
Q

Name the three meningeal spaces

A

epidural
Subarachnoid
Subdural

38
Q

What are the two types of roots that each spinal nerve contain and what type of axons does each contain

A

Dorsal (afferent/ sensory)

Ventral (efferent/ motor)

39
Q

What type of nerve is the spinal nerve

A

mixed nerve

40
Q

What are the two types of matter in the spinal cord

A

White matter, contains myelinated and unmyelinated axons

Gray matter, contains neuron cell bodies, neuroglia, unmyelinated axons and has projections (gray horns)

41
Q

What is paraplegia

A

partial or total loss of motor or sensory function of the lower extremities

Injury is at T1-12 or L1-5 regions

42
Q

What is quadriplegia

A

partial or total loss of motor and sensory function of btoh upper and lower limbs

Injury is at C1-7

43
Q

What neurotransmitter produces a calming effect

A

GABA

General anatomy and physiology (14 decks)

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