the kidney

Question 1

main function of the kidney

Answer 1

-homeostasis (blood pressure control)
-filtration of blood
-fluid balance
(require high blood flow)

Question 2

internal structure of kidney
-renal cortex and renal medulla

Answer 2

cortex and medulla are made of thousands of nephrons responsible for urine formation
cortex- bowmans capsule
medulla- loop of henle

Question 3

what are nephrons made up of
1) renal corpuscle (blood supply) (why is it specialised for filtration)
2) renal tubule

Answer 3

1) ultrafiltration of blood. the capillary netowork is supplied and drained by an arteriole. specialised for filtration due to having simple squamous epithelial
2) reabsorbtion/ excretion

Question 4

what does renal corpuscle conists of and where is it located
1)glomerulus
2)bowmans capsule

Answer 4

1) capillary network. space between two layers is capsular space.

Question 5

what is the first step of urine production
-glomercular filtration
(what can make it through the filtrate e.g. water, sodium, glucose, large protein, red blood cells , chloride)

Answer 5

water and solutes pass from glumercular capillaries to glomercular capsule.
-water, sodium, glucose, chloride

glomercular capsule drains into renal tubule

Question 6

urine formation of renal tubule
what is
1) proximal convoluted tubule
2) loop of henle
3) distal convoluted tubule
4) collecting duct

Answer 6

1) reabsorbs filtered water, glucose, chloride ect.
2) creates a concentration gradient for water balance
3) most nutreints are back into the body, therefore reabsorbs water, depedning whether we want to increase/ decrease blood pressure. also fine tunes ions e.g. sodium, potassium, calcium balance by hormones (parathyroid hormone).
-then empys amount in collecting duct

Question 7

functions of loop of henle
1) descending limb (passive transport)
2) asending lemb (passive then active transport)
3) collecting duct (passive transport)

Answer 7

1) highly permeable to water but impermeable to solutes. creates a very cencoentrated solution.

2) impearmeable to water but activly reabsorbs sodium, pottassium and calcium. dilutes filtrate and increases osmolarity.

3) final conentration of urine under influence of ADH (anti-deuretic hormone). can be either concentrate or dilute urine based on bodies needs

Question 8

describe the regulation of kidneys osmolarity
- anti duretic hormone (ADH)
-it’s function
-what happens to urine concentration in low ADH levels

Answer 8

stimulates insertion of aquaporin channels which increases water permeability. more water absorbed increases urine concentration

low ADH= large amounts of dilute urine

Question 9

ADH known as vasopresin and vasocontriction.
what effects does this have on blood pressure and why?

Answer 9

reabsorbs water which increases blood pressure

Question 10

what is the overall effect of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) on blood pressure

Answer 10

increases blood pressure

Question 11

hormone and nervous system control of renal system
-sympathetic NS
-parathyroid hormone
-natuiretic peptide

Answer 11

1) decreases sodium and water excretion which increased angitension 11 formation
2) reabsorbtion of calcium in distal convoluted tubule
3) sodium movment