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xB12W3 > THE LOWER LIMBS > Flashcards

THE LOWER LIMBS Flashcards

(110 cards)

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1
Q

what is the function of the deep fascia of the leg?

A

to separate the legs into compartments which maximises muscle work and helps with venous return

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2
Q

what is the deep fascia of the thigh?

A

the fascia latae

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3
Q

laterally, what does the fascia thicken to form?

A

the iliotibial tract

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4
Q

whats the function of the iliotibial tract?

A

lateral stability

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5
Q

what is the deep fascia of the leg?

A

crural fascia

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6
Q

what are the 3 compartments of the thigh?

A

anterior, medial and posterior

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7
Q

what are the 3 compartments of the leg?

A

anterior, posterior and lateral

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8
Q

what separates the compartments of the thigh and leg``?

A

intermuscular septa

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9
Q

whats the function of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

hip flexion and knee extension

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10
Q

what innervates the muscles of the anterior thigh?

A

femoral nerve

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11
Q

whats the blood supply to the anterior thigh?

A

femoral artery

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12
Q

what msucles make up the anterior thigh?

A

quadriceps femoris
sartorius
pectineus

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13
Q

what muscles make up the quadriceps femoris?`

A

rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis

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14
Q

whats the function of the quadriceps femoris?

A

knee extension

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15
Q

whats the function of the sartorius muscle?

A

hip flexion and some lateral rotation

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16
Q

whats the function of the pectineus muscle?

A

some hip flexion but mostly hip adduction

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17
Q

whats the function of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

adduction of the hip

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18
Q

what innervayes the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

obturator nerve

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19
Q

what supplies the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

obturator artery

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20
Q

what muscles are in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor Magnus, gracilis and obturator externus

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21
Q

what innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

tibial nerve

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22
Q

whats the function of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

extension of the hip and flexion of knee

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23
Q

what supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

profunda femoris and perforating arteries

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24
Q

what muscles are in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

semitendinous
semimembranous
biceps femoris
adductor part of adductor magnus

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25
whats the common origin for most muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh and outline the exception?
ischial tuberosity other than the short head of the biceps femoris
26
what muscle in the medial compartment of the thigh also has a head in the posterior compartment?
the adductor part of the adductor magnus
27
what innervates the adductor magnus?
The adductor part = obturator The hamstring part= tibial component of the sciatic nerve `
28
where do the bicep femoris heads attach and insert?
origin - Long head- ischial tuberosity, sacrotuberous ligament Short head- linea aspera of femur, lateral supracondylar line of femur Insertion - (Lateral aspect of) head of fibula
29
whats the only muscle of the thigh that crosses both the hip and knee joint?
rectus femoris
30
what are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?
inguinal ligament, sartorius muscle and adductor longus
31
what forms the floor of the femoral triangle?
pectineus, iliopsoas, adductor longus
32
what forms the roof of the femoral triangle?
fascia lata
33
outline the contents of the femoral triangle?
from lateral to medial - femoral nerve, artery and vein (NAVY)
34
whats the clinical significance of the femoral triangle?
coronary angioplasty and peripheral angioplasty is often performed by entering the femoral artery here Heavy bleeding in the leg can be stopped by applying pressure to points in the femoral triangle.
35
what is the adductor canal?
an aponeurotic tunnel in the middle third of the thigh that extends from the apex of the femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus.
36
what are the boundaries of the adductor canal?
anterior - sartorius muscle posterior - adductor longus and adducto magnus laterally - vastus medialis
37
what are the contents of the adductor canal?
the femoral artery, the femoral vein, the nerve to vastus medialis and the saphenous nerve
38
how does the course of the femoral artery change through the adductor canal?
it crosses from lateral to medial side of the femoral vein
39
what artery supplies the gluteal region?
superior and inferior arteries
40
what muscles are in the gluteal region?
``` gluteus maximus gluteus medius gluteus minimus piriformis superior and inferior gamellus quadratura femoris tensor fascia latae ```
41
whats the function of the gluteus maximus?
to extend the hip joint
42
what innervates the gluteus maximus?
inferior gluteal nerves
43
where does the gluteus maximus extend from and to?
from the pelvis to the Iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of femur
44
what innervates the gluteus medius and minimus?
superior gluteal nerves
45
what are the functions of the gluteus medius and minimus?
abductors and internal rotators of the hip
46
whats the innervation of the piriformis?
nerve to piriformis
47
whats the function of the piriformis?
lateral rotator
48
whats the function of the obturator internus?
lateral rotator
49
what innervates the obturator interns?
nerve to obturator internus
50
whats the function of the gamely?
lateral rotation
51
what innervates the gamely?
``` superior = nerve to obturator internus infeiror = nerve to quadratus femoris ```
52
whats the function of the quadratus femoris?
lateral rotation
53
whats the innervation supply to quadratus femoris?
nerve to quadratus femoris
54
what innervates the tensor fascia lata?
superior gluteal nerve
55
what muscles are affected in trendelenberg gait and why?
gluteus medius and minimus - because theyre abductors of the hip so damage would lead to hip drop on the contralateral side
56
whats the sacrotuberous ligament?
ligament from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity
57
what are the symptoms of compartment syndrome?
``` parasthesia paresis - foot drop pink pulse distal to affected area present pain on stretch pressure ```
58
how do we relieve the pressure in compartment syndrome?
with a fasciotomy
59
what is compartment syndrome?
a painful and potentially serious condition caused by bleeding or swelling within a muscle compartment
60
whats the function of the anterior crural compartment of the leg?
to dorsiflex the ankle
61
what innervate the anterior crural compartment of the leg?
deep fibular nerve
62
what supplies blood to the anterior crural compartment of the leg?
anterior tibial artery
63
what binds down the muscles of the anterior crural compartment of the leg?
extensor retinaculum
64
what muscles are in the anterior crural compartment of the leg?
tibialis anterior extensor hallucis longus extensor digitorum longus fibularis tertius
65
whats the function of the lateral crural compartment of the leg?
eversion of the ankle
66
what innervates the lateral crural compartment of the leg?
superficial fibular nerve
67
what supplies blood to the lateral crural compartment of the leg?
fibular artery
68
how does the fibular artery supply the lateral crural compartment of the leg?
it feeds perforating artery branches into the lateral compartment
69
what muscles make up the lateral crural compartment of the leg?
fibularis longus | fibularis brevis
70
whats the function of the posterior crural compartment of the leg?
plantar flexion
71
what innervates the posterior crural compartment of the leg?
ribial nerve
72
what supplies blood to the posterior crural compartment of the leg?
posterior tibial artery
73
what muscles make up the superficial aspect of the posterior crural compartment of the leg?
gastrocnemius soleus plantaris
74
what muscles make up the deep region of the posterior crural compartment of the leg?
tibialis posterior flexor digitorum longus flexor hallucis longus popliteus
75
where do the 2 heads and bellies of the gastrocnemius converge?
at the calcaneal tendon
76
which muscles insert into the calcaneal tendon?
gastrocnemius and soleus muscles
77
what is the popliteal fossa boundaries?
The superomedial aspect of the popliteal fossa is bounded by the semimembranosus and the semitendinosus muscles, whilst the biceps femoris forms the lateral border of the superior fossa. Inferiorly, the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius form the medial and lateral borders.
78
what are the contents of the popliteal fossa?
popliteal artery and vein | tibial nerve, small saphenous vein
79
what are the roots of the sacral plexus?
L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, S4
80
what are the branches of the sacral plexus?
``` superior gluteal inferior gluteal sciatic posterior femoral pudendal (Some Irish Sailors Pester Polly) ```
81
What are the nerve roots of the superior fluteal nerve?
L4, L5, S1
82
what are the nerve roots of the inferior gluteal nerve?
L5, S1, S2
83
what are the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve?
L4, L5, S1, S2, S3
84
what are the nerve roots of the posterior femoral nerve?
S1, S2, S3
85
what are the nerve roots of the pudendal nerve?
S2, S3, S4
86
what does the superior gluteal nerve innervate?
gluteus minimus gluteaus medius tensor fascia lata
87
what does the inferior gluteal nerve innervate?
gluteus maximus
88
what are the branches of the sciatic nerve?
tibial nerve and common fibular nerve
89
what does the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve innervate?
posterior thigh muscles other than short head of biceps femoris hamstring component of adductor magnus posterior compartment of leg sole of foot
90
what does the common fibular nerve innervate?
short head of biceps femoris | supplies muscle of anterior and lateral compartment of leg via branches
91
what branches does the common fibular nerve give rise to?
superficial and deep fibular nerves | lateral sural and sural communicating nerve
92
what does the superficial fibular nerve innervate?
muscles of lateral compartment of leg | skin of anterolateral leg and dorsum of foot (except between 1st and 2nd toes)
93
what does the deep fibular nerve innervate?
anterior compartmnet of the leg and some intrinsic muscles of the foot skin between 1st and 2nd toes
94
what does the lateral sural nerve innervate?
skin over upper lateral leg
95
what does the sural communicating nerve innervate?
skin over lower posterolateral leg
96
what are the roots of the lumbar plexus?
L1, L2, L3, L4 and contributions from T12
97
what are the branches of the lumbar plexus?
``` iliohypogastric ilioinguinal genitofemoral lateral cutaneous nerve obturator nerve femoral nerve ```
98
what are the roots of the iliohypogastric nerve?
L1 and contributions from T12
99
what are the roots of the ilioinguinal nerve?
L1
100
what are the roots of the genitofemoral nerve?
L1 and L2
101
what are the roots of the lateral cutaneous nerve?
L2 and L3
102
what are the roots of the obturator nerve?
L2, L3, L4
103
what are the roots of the femoral nerve?
L2, L3, L4
104
what does the iliohypogastric nerve innervate?
internal oblique transverse abdominis sensory to posterolateral gluteal skin
105
what does the ilioinguinal nerve innervate?
internal obluqye transversus abdominis sensory - skin of genitals and superior antero-medial thigh
106
what does the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve innervate?
cremasteric muscle | sensory - skin of anterior scrotum, mons pubis, labia majora
107
what does the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve innervate?
sensory - upper anterior thigh skin
108
what does the lateral cutaneous nerve innervate?
sensory - anterior and lateral thigh
109
what does the obturator nerve innervate?
all muscles of medial compartment of thigh | sensory - skin over medial thigh
110
what does the femoral nerve innervate?
muscles in anterior compartment of thigh | sensory - skin on anterior thigh and medial leg

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