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xB12W3 > THE LOWER LIMBS > Flashcards

THE LOWER LIMBS Flashcards

1
Q

what is the function of the deep fascia of the leg?

A

to separate the legs into compartments which maximises muscle work and helps with venous return

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2
Q

what is the deep fascia of the thigh?

A

the fascia latae

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3
Q

laterally, what does the fascia thicken to form?

A

the iliotibial tract

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4
Q

whats the function of the iliotibial tract?

A

lateral stability

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5
Q

what is the deep fascia of the leg?

A

crural fascia

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6
Q

what are the 3 compartments of the thigh?

A

anterior, medial and posterior

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7
Q

what are the 3 compartments of the leg?

A

anterior, posterior and lateral

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8
Q

what separates the compartments of the thigh and leg``?

A

intermuscular septa

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9
Q

whats the function of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A

hip flexion and knee extension

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10
Q

what innervates the muscles of the anterior thigh?

A

femoral nerve

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11
Q

whats the blood supply to the anterior thigh?

A

femoral artery

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12
Q

what msucles make up the anterior thigh?

A

quadriceps femoris
sartorius
pectineus

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13
Q

what muscles make up the quadriceps femoris?`

A

rectus femoris
vastus lateralis
vastus intermedius
vastus medialis

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14
Q

whats the function of the quadriceps femoris?

A

knee extension

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15
Q

whats the function of the sartorius muscle?

A

hip flexion and some lateral rotation

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16
Q

whats the function of the pectineus muscle?

A

some hip flexion but mostly hip adduction

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17
Q

whats the function of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

adduction of the hip

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18
Q

what innervayes the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

obturator nerve

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19
Q

what supplies the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

obturator artery

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20
Q

what muscles are in the medial compartment of the thigh?

A

adductor brevis, adductor longus, adductor Magnus, gracilis and obturator externus

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21
Q

what innervates the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

tibial nerve

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22
Q

whats the function of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

extension of the hip and flexion of knee

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23
Q

what supplies the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

profunda femoris and perforating arteries

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24
Q

what muscles are in the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A

semitendinous
semimembranous
biceps femoris
adductor part of adductor magnus

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25
Q

whats the common origin for most muscles in the posterior compartment of the thigh and outline the exception?

A

ischial tuberosity other than the short head of the biceps femoris

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26
Q

what muscle in the medial compartment of the thigh also has a head in the posterior compartment?

A

the adductor part of the adductor magnus

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27
Q

what innervates the adductor magnus?

A

The adductor part = obturator The hamstring part= tibial component of the sciatic nerve `

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28
Q

where do the bicep femoris heads attach and insert?

A

origin -
Long head- ischial tuberosity, sacrotuberous ligament
Short head- linea aspera of femur, lateral supracondylar line of femur

Insertion - (Lateral aspect of) head of fibula

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29
Q

whats the only muscle of the thigh that crosses both the hip and knee joint?

A

rectus femoris

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30
Q

what are the boundaries of the femoral triangle?

A

inguinal ligament, sartorius muscle and adductor longus

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31
Q

what forms the floor of the femoral triangle?

A

pectineus, iliopsoas, adductor longus

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32
Q

what forms the roof of the femoral triangle?

A

fascia lata

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33
Q

outline the contents of the femoral triangle?

A

from lateral to medial - femoral nerve, artery and vein (NAVY)

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34
Q

whats the clinical significance of the femoral triangle?

A

coronary angioplasty and peripheral angioplasty is often performed by entering the femoral artery here
Heavy bleeding in the leg can be stopped by applying pressure to points in the femoral triangle.

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35
Q

what is the adductor canal?

A

an aponeurotic tunnel in the middle third of the thigh that extends from the apex of the femoral triangle to the adductor hiatus.

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36
Q

what are the boundaries of the adductor canal?

A

anterior - sartorius muscle
posterior - adductor longus and adducto magnus
laterally - vastus medialis

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37
Q

what are the contents of the adductor canal?

A

the femoral artery, the femoral vein, the nerve to vastus medialis and the saphenous nerve

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38
Q

how does the course of the femoral artery change through the adductor canal?

A

it crosses from lateral to medial side of the femoral vein

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39
Q

what artery supplies the gluteal region?

A

superior and inferior arteries

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40
Q

what muscles are in the gluteal region?

A 
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
gluteus minimus
piriformis
superior and inferior gamellus 
quadratura femoris 
tensor fascia latae
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41
Q

whats the function of the gluteus maximus?

A

to extend the hip joint

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42
Q

what innervates the gluteus maximus?

A

inferior gluteal nerves

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43
Q

where does the gluteus maximus extend from and to?

A

from the pelvis to the Iliotibial tract and gluteal tuberosity of femur

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44
Q

what innervates the gluteus medius and minimus?

A

superior gluteal nerves

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45
Q

what are the functions of the gluteus medius and minimus?

A

abductors and internal rotators of the hip

46
Q

whats the innervation of the piriformis?

A

nerve to piriformis

47
Q

whats the function of the piriformis?

A

lateral rotator

48
Q

whats the function of the obturator internus?

A

lateral rotator

49
Q

what innervates the obturator interns?

A

nerve to obturator internus

50
Q

whats the function of the gamely?

A

lateral rotation

51
Q

what innervates the gamely?

A 
superior = nerve to obturator internus
infeiror = nerve to quadratus femoris
52
Q

whats the function of the quadratus femoris?

A

lateral rotation

53
Q

whats the innervation supply to quadratus femoris?

A

nerve to quadratus femoris

54
Q

what innervates the tensor fascia lata?

A

superior gluteal nerve

55
Q

what muscles are affected in trendelenberg gait and why?

A

gluteus medius and minimus - because theyre abductors of the hip so damage would lead to hip drop on the contralateral side

56
Q

whats the sacrotuberous ligament?

A

ligament from the sacrum to the ischial tuberosity

57
Q

what are the symptoms of compartment syndrome?

A 
parasthesia
paresis - foot drop
pink 
pulse distal to affected area present
pain on stretch
pressure
58
Q

how do we relieve the pressure in compartment syndrome?

A

with a fasciotomy

59
Q

what is compartment syndrome?

A

a painful and potentially serious condition caused by bleeding or swelling within a muscle compartment

60
Q

whats the function of the anterior crural compartment of the leg?

A

to dorsiflex the ankle

61
Q

what innervate the anterior crural compartment of the leg?

A

deep fibular nerve

62
Q

what supplies blood to the anterior crural compartment of the leg?

A

anterior tibial artery

63
Q

what binds down the muscles of the anterior crural compartment of the leg?

A

extensor retinaculum

64
Q

what muscles are in the anterior crural compartment of the leg?

A

tibialis anterior
extensor hallucis longus
extensor digitorum longus
fibularis tertius

65
Q

whats the function of the lateral crural compartment of the leg?

A

eversion of the ankle

66
Q

what innervates the lateral crural compartment of the leg?

A

superficial fibular nerve

67
Q

what supplies blood to the lateral crural compartment of the leg?

A

fibular artery

68
Q

how does the fibular artery supply the lateral crural compartment of the leg?

A

it feeds perforating artery branches into the lateral compartment

69
Q

what muscles make up the lateral crural compartment of the leg?

A

fibularis longus

fibularis brevis

70
Q

whats the function of the posterior crural compartment of the leg?

A

plantar flexion

71
Q

what innervates the posterior crural compartment of the leg?

A

ribial nerve

72
Q

what supplies blood to the posterior crural compartment of the leg?

A

posterior tibial artery

73
Q

what muscles make up the superficial aspect of the posterior crural compartment of the leg?

A

gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris

74
Q

what muscles make up the deep region of the posterior crural compartment of the leg?

A

tibialis posterior
flexor digitorum longus
flexor hallucis longus
popliteus

75
Q

where do the 2 heads and bellies of the gastrocnemius converge?

A

at the calcaneal tendon

76
Q

which muscles insert into the calcaneal tendon?

A

gastrocnemius and soleus muscles

77
Q

what is the popliteal fossa boundaries?

A

The superomedial aspect of the popliteal fossa is bounded by the semimembranosus and the semitendinosus muscles, whilst the biceps femoris forms the lateral border of the superior fossa. Inferiorly, the medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius form the medial and lateral borders.

78
Q

what are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A

popliteal artery and vein

tibial nerve, small saphenous vein

79
Q

what are the roots of the sacral plexus?

A

L4, L5, S1, S2, S3, S4

80
Q

what are the branches of the sacral plexus?

A 
superior gluteal
inferior gluteal
sciatic
posterior femoral
pudendal (Some Irish Sailors Pester Polly)
81
Q

What are the nerve roots of the superior fluteal nerve?

A

L4, L5, S1

82
Q

what are the nerve roots of the inferior gluteal nerve?

A

L5, S1, S2

83
Q

what are the nerve roots of the sciatic nerve?

A

L4, L5, S1, S2, S3

84
Q

what are the nerve roots of the posterior femoral nerve?

A

S1, S2, S3

85
Q

what are the nerve roots of the pudendal nerve?

A

S2, S3, S4

86
Q

what does the superior gluteal nerve innervate?

A

gluteus minimus
gluteaus medius
tensor fascia lata

87
Q

what does the inferior gluteal nerve innervate?

A

gluteus maximus

88
Q

what are the branches of the sciatic nerve?

A

tibial nerve and common fibular nerve

89
Q

what does the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve innervate?

A

posterior thigh muscles other than short head of biceps femoris
hamstring component of adductor magnus
posterior compartment of leg
sole of foot

90
Q

what does the common fibular nerve innervate?

A

short head of biceps femoris

supplies muscle of anterior and lateral compartment of leg via branches

91
Q

what branches does the common fibular nerve give rise to?

A

superficial and deep fibular nerves

lateral sural and sural communicating nerve

92
Q

what does the superficial fibular nerve innervate?

A

muscles of lateral compartment of leg

skin of anterolateral leg and dorsum of foot (except between 1st and 2nd toes)

93
Q

what does the deep fibular nerve innervate?

A

anterior compartmnet of the leg and some intrinsic muscles of the foot
skin between 1st and 2nd toes

94
Q

what does the lateral sural nerve innervate?

A

skin over upper lateral leg

95
Q

what does the sural communicating nerve innervate?

A

skin over lower posterolateral leg

96
Q

what are the roots of the lumbar plexus?

A

L1, L2, L3, L4 and contributions from T12

97
Q

what are the branches of the lumbar plexus?

A 
iliohypogastric
ilioinguinal
genitofemoral
lateral cutaneous nerve 
obturator nerve
femoral nerve
98
Q

what are the roots of the iliohypogastric nerve?

A

L1 and contributions from T12

99
Q

what are the roots of the ilioinguinal nerve?

A

L1

100
Q

what are the roots of the genitofemoral nerve?

A

L1 and L2

101
Q

what are the roots of the lateral cutaneous nerve?

A

L2 and L3

102
Q

what are the roots of the obturator nerve?

A

L2, L3, L4

103
Q

what are the roots of the femoral nerve?

A

L2, L3, L4

104
Q

what does the iliohypogastric nerve innervate?

A

internal oblique
transverse abdominis
sensory to posterolateral gluteal skin

105
Q

what does the ilioinguinal nerve innervate?

A

internal obluqye
transversus abdominis
sensory - skin of genitals and superior antero-medial thigh

106
Q

what does the genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve innervate?

A

cremasteric muscle

sensory - skin of anterior scrotum, mons pubis, labia majora

107
Q

what does the femoral branch of the genitofemoral nerve innervate?

A

sensory - upper anterior thigh skin

108
Q

what does the lateral cutaneous nerve innervate?

A

sensory - anterior and lateral thigh

109
Q

what does the obturator nerve innervate?

A

all muscles of medial compartment of thigh

sensory - skin over medial thigh

110
Q

what does the femoral nerve innervate?

A

muscles in anterior compartment of thigh

sensory - skin on anterior thigh and medial leg

xB12W3 (7 decks)

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