The Lymphatic System

Question 1

the lymphatic system consists of

Answer 1

a network of lymphoid tissues and lymphatic vessels that drain excess fluids that seeped out of the blood into the tissue spaces

Question 2

lymphatic vessels absorb

Answer 2

lipids and lipid-soluble vitamins from gastrointestinal tract and transport them to the blood

Question 3

lymphoid tissues protect against

Answer 3

foreign cells, microbes, toxins, and cancer cells

Question 4

lymph is a

Answer 4

relatively clear, colorless fluid that is similar to blood plasma but it contains fewer proteins and its composition varies throughout the body

Question 5

interstitial lymph is

Answer 5

milky white following a meal because of its high fat content

Question 6

lymph in a lymph node may be filled with

Answer 6

lymphocytes, macrophages, and debris

Question 7

lymphatic capillaries are

Answer 7

microscopic vessels, which are located everywhere in the body except in avascular tissues

Question 8

lymphatic capillaries are slightly _____ than blood capillaries but,

Answer 8

larger

but have closed ends

Question 9

endothelial cells overlap one another and act as

Answer 9

valve-like flaps

Question 10

interstitial fluid flow

Answer 10

can flow into lymphatic capillary when fluid pressure in tissues is high but can’t flow out when fluid pressure in tissues is low

Question 11

small intestine contains

Answer 11

specialized lacteals to transport dietary lipids

Question 12

lymphatic capillaries unite to form

Answer 12

lymphatic vessels, which may pass through lymph nodes

Question 13

lymphatic vessels resemble veins but

Answer 13

they have thinner walls and more valves

Question 14

lymphatic vessels unite to form

Answer 14

lymphatic trucks , which drain different parts of the body

Question 15

lymphatic trunks converge to form

Answer 15

lymphatic ducts, which return fluid to the blood

Question 16

thoracic duct drains

Answer 16

left side of head, neck, chest, left arm, and entire body below the ribs into left subclavian vein

Question 17

right lymphatic duct drains

Answer 17

lymph from upper right region of body into right subclavian vein

Question 18

lymph flows slowly though the lymphatic system and is controlled mainly by

Answer 18

contractions of skeletal muscles and respiratory movements

Question 19

lymphatic cells can be

Answer 19

loosely scattered in mucous membranes, or tightly clustered and encapsulated in lymphatic organs

Question 20

T lymphocytes develop in

Answer 20

the thymus and carry out immune responses

Question 21

B lymphocytes mature in

Answer 21

bone marrow and produce antibodies to protect the body against disease causing organisms or substances

Question 22

macrophages phagocytize foreign antigens and become

Answer 22

antigen-presenting cells (APC)

Question 23

dendritic cells and reticular cells are

Answer 23

antigen presenting cells in the lymphatic organs

Question 24

lymphatic cells form

Answer 24

dense lymphatic nodules in lymph nodes and the tonsils, and form Peyer’s patches in the small intestine

Question 25

lymph nodes are

Answer 25

bean shaped structure located along lymphatic vessels, especially in the mammary glands, in the armpit region, and in the groin

Question 26

a lymph node is covered by

Answer 26

a fibrous capsule that extends inward and divides the node into compartments

Question 27

interior of a lymph node consists of

Answer 27

a stroma and parenchyma, which contains lymphocytes and antigen presenting cells

Question 28

outer cortex of parenchyma contains

Answer 28

germinal centers where B lymphocytes multiply

Question 29

inner medullar of parenchyma contains

Answer 29

B lymphocytes, macrophages, and reticular cells

Question 30

lymph flows into a lymph node through

Answer 30

afferent lymphatic vessels, then passes through sinuses, and finally exits the lymph node by way of an efferent lymphatic vessel

Question 31

lymph nodes filter and cleanse lymph as it flows toward

Answer 31

the blood stream

Question 32

macrophages and reticular cells remove

Answer 32

most impurities and foreign substances by a variety of immune responses

Question 33

viruses can infect

Answer 33

lymph nodes and cerate reservoir of viral particles that escape detection by immune system

Question 34

cancer cells traveling through the lymphatic system may form

Answer 34

secondary tumors when they lodge in lymph nodes

Question 35

cancer cells can establish

Answer 35

new growths in a lymph node, block flow of lymph and causes swelling

Question 36

cancerous lymph nodes are

Answer 36

swollen, but seldom painful

Question 37

tonsils are

Answer 37

concentrations of lymphoid tissue at the entrance to the pharynx and they guard against ingested and/or inhaled pathogens

Question 38

one pharyngeal tonsil (adenoid), pair of palatine tonsils, and a pair of lingual tonsils are located

Answer 38

at the base of tongue

Question 39

a tonsillectomy removes

Answer 39

the palatine tonsils if they are chronically infected

Question 40

the thymus gland is located in the

Answer 40

mediastinum posterior to the sternum and its two lobes are surrounded by a fibrous capsule that divides each lobe into several lobules

Question 41

each lobule of the thymus gland consists of

Answer 41

an outer cortex and an inner medulla

Question 42

cortex contains

Answer 42

lymphocytes, reticular epithelial cells, and macrophages

Question 43

medulla contains

Answer 43

mostly reticular epithelial cells and thymic corpuscles

Question 44

reticular epithelial cells secrete

Answer 44

thymic hormones that cause T lymphocytes to mature and migrate to lymph nodes, spleen, other lymphoid tissues

Question 45

thymus gland is very large in

Answer 45

an infant and grows even larger during childhood

Question 46

after puberty thymic tissue is

Answer 46

replaced by adipose and areolar connective tissue until thymus gland is barely distinguishable in an adult

Question 47

the spleen is

Answer 47

the largest lymphatic organ and contains different kinds of lymphoid tissue

Question 48

white pulp contains

Answer 48

lymphocytes and macrophages and plays role in immunity

Question 49

red pulp consists of

Answer 49

venous sinuses filled with red blood vells

Question 50

spleen produces

Answer 50

red blood cells in a fetus

Question 51

macrophages remove

Answer 51

worn out or damaged erythrocytes and defective platelets and phagocytize them to replace*** hemoglobin

Question 52

abdominal trauma can

Answer 52

rupture the spleen and cause severe internal bleeding which cannot be stopped unless spleen is removed by splenectomy

Question 53

if the spleen fails the ________________ can take over some functions of the spleen

Answer 53

red bone marrow and the liver

Question 54

edema

Answer 54

the accumulation of excess fluid in a tissue, either because of capillary filtration exceeds capillary reabsorption or because lymphatic vessels become obstructed

Question 55

elephantiasis is causes by

Answer 55

a roundworm transmitted via mosquitoes which blocks the flow of lymph and produces chronic edema

Question 56

lymphadenopathy describes

Answer 56

enlarged, tender lymph nodes

Question 57

lymphomas are

Answer 57

lymphatic cancers that usually orginate in isolated lymph nodes

Question 58

Hodgkin's disease is characterized by

Answer 58

swollen, painless lymph nodes and alternating fever and night sweats, one of the most common cancers among young adults

Question 59

non-Hodgkin's lymphomas result from

Answer 59

uncontrolled multiplication of lymphocytes that metastasize, which might be cause by a virus

Question 60

treatments for Hodgkin's lymphomas

Answer 60

chemotherapy and radiation are used to induce cure

Question 61

non-Hodgkin's lymphomas is characterized by

Answer 61

swollen lymph nodes or swelling in the spleen and Peyer's patches

Question 62

non-Hodgkin's lymphomas treatment

Answer 62

usually responds to chemotherapy