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The Nervous System Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the three main functions of the nervous system?

A
  1. Senses conditions inside and outside the body, allowing it to take in sensory information.
  2. Integrates the information by sorting it out and forming a response.
  3. Carries out the response through glands, muscles, and other organs via its motor function.
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2
Q

What is proprioception?

A

Proprioception, or kinesthetic perception, allows the body to detect its location in the environment and assists in detecting the locations of different limbs and other areas in relation to one another.

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3
Q

What are proprioceptors?

A

Proprioceptors are receptors that provide information about body position and movement. They are found in the tendons, joints, muscles, and parts of the ear (the vestibular system).

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4
Q

Why is proprioception important during exercise?

A

It is important for the body to have awareness of its position to perform movements correctly and avoid injury.

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5
Q

What are the two biggest divisions of the nervous system?

A

The central nervous system (CNS) and the peripheral nervous system (PNS).

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6
Q

What does the central nervous system (CNS) include?

A

The CNS includes the brain and spinal cord.

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7
Q

What is the role of the spinal cord?

A

The spinal cord sends messages to the brain or participates in reflexes in which the brain is not required.

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8
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) contain?

A

The PNS contains neurons and neuroglia outside the brain and spinal cord.

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9
Q

What is the sensory division of the peripheral nervous system?

A

The sensory division, also known as the afferent nervous system, sends messages from receptors to the central nervous system via axons.

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10
Q

What is the motor division of the peripheral nervous system?

A

The motor division, also known as the efferent nervous system, sends messages from the central nervous system to glands, muscles, and other organs.

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11
Q

What does the somatic nervous system control?

A

The somatic nervous system transmits impulses to the musculoskeletal system as well as the eyes, skin, and ears, controlling voluntary muscle.

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12
Q

What does the autonomic nervous system deal with?

A

The autonomic nervous system deals with glands and involuntary muscle, also known as smooth muscle and cardiac muscle.

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13
Q

What are the two divisions of the autonomic nervous system?

A

The sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system.

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14
Q

What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS)?

A

The SNS helps the body focus on physical activity and primes the body for ‘fight or flight’ responses.

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15
Q

What is the function of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS)?

A

The PNS controls unconscious body functions when at rest, promoting digestion and lowering heart rate.

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16
Q

What are the two basic units of the nervous system?

A

Neurons and neuroglia.

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17
Q

What is the lifespan of neurons?

A

Neurons generally cannot regenerate and have long lifespans, often surviving as long as the human they reside in.

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18
Q

What are the processes of a neuron?

A

Processes are extensions of the cell, including dendrites that collect impulses and axons that send messages.

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19
Q

What is a multipolar neuron?

A

A multipolar neuron contains one axon and multiple dendrites and is the most common type of neuron.

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20
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

A bipolar neuron has one axon and one dendrite and is found in organs related to special senses.

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21
Q

What is a unipolar neuron?

A

A unipolar neuron has one axon with two branches and does not contain dendrites.

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22
Q

What is a multipolar neuron?

A

A multipolar neuron contains one axon and multiple dendrites. This is the most common type of neuron. Motor neurons are usually multipolar.

Example: A nerve controlling latissimus dorsi muscle movement is multipolar.

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23
Q

What is a bipolar neuron?

A

A bipolar neuron has one axon and one dendrite. It is found in organs that pertain to special senses such as the nose.

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24
Q

What is a unipolar neuron?

A

A unipolar neuron has one axon with two branches and does not contain dendrites. Most unipolar neurons are sensory.

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25
What is a sensory neuron?
A sensory neuron takes in information and transmits it to the central nervous system. Most sensory neurons are unipolar, but sometimes they are bipolar. ## Footnote Example: A sensory neuron includes a nociceptor that senses pain.
26
What is a motor neuron?
A motor neuron sends information from the central nervous system to organs such as muscles. Most are multipolar neurons.
27
What is an interneuron?
An interneuron conveys information between sensory nerves and motor nerves. Most interneurons are multipolar.
28
What are sensory receptors?
Sensory receptors sense the internal or external environment and input to the central nervous system or have mechanisms for local reflexes.
29
What are muscle spindles?
Muscle spindles are specialized fibers that recognize the length and rate of change in a muscle and trigger a contraction in response.
30
What happens if a muscle spindle recognizes overstretching?
A reflex occurs when the overstretched muscle contracts to protect from injury and maintain muscle tone.
31
What are Golgi tendon organs?
Golgi tendon organs sense excessive tension in muscles and trigger a relaxation response to protect muscles and tendons.
32
What are joint receptors?
Joint receptors are found in synovial joints and react to pressure, aiding in proprioception.
33
What is the role of the nervous system in physical activity?
The nervous system participates in physical activity and how the body adapts to movement immediately and over time.
34
What is a motor unit?
A motor unit includes one motor neuron plus the muscle fibers it innervates.
35
What is the all-or-nothing principle?
When a motor neuron discharges its potential, every muscle fiber in its motor unit contracts fully or not at all.
36
What is motor unit recruitment?
Motor unit recruitment is the sequential activation of a particular pattern of motor units for a movement.
37
What is rate coding?
Rate coding refers to the frequency at which the action stimulates the motor unit, affecting muscle force development.
38
How does strength training affect rate coding?
Strength training is likely to increase rate coding in the muscles being trained, allowing for increased maximal force.
39
What is motor unit synchronization?
Motor unit synchronization occurs when multiple motor units activate at the same time, benefiting force production and coordination.
40
What is the muscular system?
The muscular system is composed of both macro- and micro- structures that interact during muscle contraction to produce movement.
41
Why is understanding the muscular system important for fitness professionals?
A strong grasp of the structure and function of skeletal muscles helps guide programming considerations and explains biological processes behind resistance training.
42
What surrounds the entire muscle?
A layer of connective tissue called fascia surrounds the entire muscle, with the outer layer known as the epimysium.
43
What are fascicles?
Fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers surrounded by another layer of connective tissue called the perimysium.
44
What is the role of mitochondria in muscle fibers?
Mitochondria facilitate energy creation and enable muscle contraction.
45
What is the function of the sarcolemma?
The sarcolemma contains structures that allow the muscle fiber to operate as a functional unit.
46
What are myofibrils?
Myofibrils are long cylindrical structures that bundle together to create muscle fibers.
47
What are sarcomeres?
Sarcomeres are contractile units within myofibrils made up of protein filaments known as actin and myosin.
48
What is the sliding filament theory?
The sliding filament theory describes how actin and myosin filaments interact within the sarcomere to produce muscle contraction.
49
What prevents actin and myosin from binding in a resting state?
In a resting state, tropomyosin blocks the binding sites on actin, preventing cross bridges from forming.
50
What triggers muscle contraction?
Muscle contraction is triggered when calcium ions are released into the sarcomere in response to an action potential.
51
What is ATP's role in muscle contraction?
ATP provides the energy necessary for muscle contraction and is broken down during this process.
52
What are the body's energy systems?
The body's energy systems include anaerobic and aerobic methods of ATP replenishment.
53
What is the ATP-PC system?
The ATP-PC system supplies energy for high intensity, short duration activities using phosphocreatine.
54
What is the glycolytic system?
The glycolytic system relies on glucose and glycogen to replenish ATP, functioning anaerobically or aerobically depending on intensity.
55
What is slow glycolysis?
Slow glycolysis occurs when there is sufficient oxygen to metabolize the byproducts of glycolysis before lactate accumulation.
56
What are the two main muscle fiber types?
Skeletal muscles are typically classified into type I and type II muscle fiber types.
57
What is the effect of lactate buildup on aerobic glycolysis?
The avoidance of lactate buildup means that aerobic glycolysis can be sustained for longer.
58
What energy system fuels exercise lasting longer than 3 minutes?
Exercise that lasts longer than 3 minutes will be fueled almost entirely by the aerobic energy system.
59
How does fitness level affect exercise intensity?
Trained athletes can exercise at absolute intensities much higher than the general population while still relying on aerobic energy.
60
What are the two main muscle fiber types?
Skeletal muscles are typically classified into type I (slow twitch) and type II (fast twitch) muscle fibers.
61
What criteria classify muscle fiber types?
Muscle fibers are classified based on movement rates, responses to neural signaling, and metabolic styles.
62
What is the primary energy source for Type I muscle fibers?
Type I muscle fibers rely on oxidative or aerobic metabolism.
63
What is an example of an activity that Type I muscle fibers excel at?
Walking is an excellent example of an activity performed by Type I muscle fibers, as they do not fatigue quickly.
64
What systems do Type II muscle fibers rely on?
Type II muscle fibers rely primarily on the ATP-PC and glycolytic systems.
65
What adaptations occur in the muscular system due to exercise?
Adaptations to exercise occur based on the type and intensity of activity, improving force production or oxidative capacity.
66
What is a typical change expected from resistance training?
A typical change is an increase in the force production capability and cross-sectional area of the muscles.
67
What causes muscle adaptation in response to resistance training?
Resistance training causes micro-tears at the sarcomere level, and the healing of these tears leads to muscle adaptation.
68
What is the significance of increased cross-sectional area in muscles?
Increased cross-sectional area allows for greater force production due to more overlapping protein filaments.
69
What adaptations occur with aerobic training?
Aerobic training improves the muscle fiber's ability to supply and use oxygen during exercise.
70
What happens to capillary density with aerobic training?
The body increases the number of capillaries surrounding a muscle, enhancing blood flow and nutrient delivery.
71
What is the role of increased mitochondrial density in aerobic training?
Increased mitochondrial density allows for a higher rate of fatty acid oxidation and energy production.
72
What shared adaptations occur from both resistance and aerobic training?
Shared adaptations include increased blood volume, increased cardiac output, lower resting heart rate, and reduced symptoms of anxiety and depression.
73
What is the sliding filament theory?
The sliding filament theory describes how actin and myosin filaments cross, creating muscle shortening.
74
What are the three types of energy systems used by muscles?
Muscles use ATP-PC, glycolytic, and oxidative energy systems.
75
What characterizes Type IIa muscle fibers?
Type IIa fibers have a high capacity for anaerobic energy and greater aerobic and glycolytic capacity than Type IIx fibers.
76
What characterizes Type IIx muscle fibers?
Type IIx fibers rely primarily on the ATP-PC system and have the greatest force production but the least resistance to fatigue.
77
What is the effect of lactate buildup on aerobic glycolysis?
The avoidance of lactate buildup means that aerobic glycolysis can be sustained for longer.
78
What energy system fuels exercise lasting longer than 3 minutes?
Exercise that lasts longer than 3 minutes will be fueled almost entirely by the aerobic energy system.
79
How does fitness level affect exercise intensity?
Trained athletes can exercise at absolute intensities much higher than the general population while still relying on aerobic energy.
80
What are the two main muscle fiber types?
Skeletal muscles are typically classified into type I (slow twitch) and type II (fast twitch) muscle fibers.
81
What criteria classify muscle fiber types?
Muscle fibers are classified based on movement rates, responses to neural signaling, and metabolic styles.
82
What is the primary energy source for Type I muscle fibers?
Type I muscle fibers rely on oxidative or aerobic metabolism.
83
What is an example of an activity that Type I muscle fibers excel at?
Walking is an excellent example of an activity performed by Type I muscle fibers, as they do not fatigue quickly.
84
What systems do Type II muscle fibers rely on?
Type II muscle fibers rely primarily on the ATP-PC and glycolytic systems.
85
What adaptations occur in the muscular system due to exercise?
Adaptations to exercise occur based on the type and intensity of activity, improving force production or oxidative capacity.
86
What is a typical change expected from resistance training?
A typical change is an increase in the force production capability and cross-sectional area of the muscles.
87
What causes muscle adaptation in response to resistance training?
Resistance training causes micro-tears at the sarcomere level, and the healing of these tears leads to muscle adaptation.
88
What is the significance of increased cross-sectional area in muscles?
Increased cross-sectional area allows for greater force production due to more overlapping protein filaments.
89
What adaptations occur with aerobic training?
Aerobic training improves the muscle fiber's ability to supply and use oxygen during exercise.
90
What happens to capillary density with aerobic training?
The body increases the number of capillaries surrounding a muscle, enhancing blood flow and nutrient delivery.
91
What is the role of increased mitochondrial density in aerobic training?
Increased mitochondrial density allows for a higher rate of fatty acid oxidation and energy production.
92
What shared adaptations occur from both resistance and aerobic training?
Shared adaptations include increased blood volume, increased cardiac output, lower resting heart rate, and reduced symptoms of anxiety and depression.
93
What is the sliding filament theory?
The sliding filament theory describes how actin and myosin filaments cross, creating muscle shortening.
94
What are the three types of energy systems used by muscles?
Muscles use ATP-PC, glycolytic, and oxidative energy systems.
95
What characterizes Type IIa muscle fibers?
Type IIa fibers have a high capacity for anaerobic energy and greater aerobic and glycolytic capacity than Type IIx fibers.
96
What characterizes Type IIx muscle fibers?
Type IIx fibers rely primarily on the ATP-PC system and have the greatest force production but the least resistance to fatigue.

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