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DS2 > The origins of Zionism, Palestinian nationalism and intersection of ideologies > Flashcards

The origins of Zionism, Palestinian nationalism and intersection of ideologies Flashcards

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1
Q

What percentage and number of Muslims in Palestine in 1878?

A

87% (404,000)

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2
Q

What percentage and number of Christians in Palestine in 1878?

A

9% (44,000)

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3
Q

What percentage and number of Jews in Palestine in 1878?

A

4% (20,000)

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4
Q

When did the First Aliyah occur?

A

1881-1903

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5
Q

How many Jews immigrated during the First Aliyah (1881-1903)?

A

Approximately 35,000

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6
Q

From which regions did most immigrants of the First Aliyah come?

A

Russia and Yemen

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7
Q

Why did many First Aliyah settlers return to their home countries?

A

They struggled with farming on substandard land

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8
Q

What did Jerusalem’s Arab notables petition Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II to do in 1891?

A

To stop Jewish immigration and land sales

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9
Q

Which Ottoman Sultan issued restrictions on Jewish land purchases after 1891?

A

Sultan AbdulhamidII

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10
Q

Where and when was the First Zionist Congress held?

A

Basel, Switzerland, 1897

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11
Q

What organization was established at the First Zionist Congress of 1897?

A

The World Zionist Organization (WZO)

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12
Q

Who is considered the founding father of modern Zionism?

A

TheodorHerzl

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13
Q

What anthem was adopted by Zionists at the First Zionist Congress?

A

“Hatikvah”

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14
Q

Why was the revival of Hebrew significant to the Zionist movement?

A

It symbolized the restoration of Jewish nationhood

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15
Q

What did TheodorHerzl propose to the Ottoman Empire in 1901?

A

Paying off its debts in exchange for settlement rights in Palestine

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16
Q

Which Sultan reportedly said “Over my dead body” to Herzl’s proposal?

A

Sultan AbdulhamidII

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17
Q

How did DavidBenGurion originally view his political identity before Israeli statehood?

A

As a loyal Ottoman citizen

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18
Q

When did the Second Aliyah occur?

A

1904-1914

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19
Q

How many Jews immigrated during the Second Aliyah (1904-1914)?

A

Approximately 30,000

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20
Q

How many Jews immigrated to the USA between 1881 and 1914?

A

About 1.5 million

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21
Q

Which city was founded by Zionist settlers during the Second Aliyah?

A

TelAviv

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22
Q

What does the term “Yishuv” refer to?

A

The Jewish community in Palestine before 1948

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23
Q

Why were militias formed by Zionist settlers in early 20th-century Palestine?

A

To protect the Yishuv

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24
Q

Which historian argues that Zionism was inherently settler-colonialist?

A

IlanPappé

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25
Which historian contends that Zionists planned to wage war for complete control?
Rashid Khalidi
26
Which historian claims Zionism began as peaceful self-determination?
Efraim Karsh
27
Which historian argues Zionism turned militant due to Palestinian hostility?
Shabtai Teveth
28
What nationalist ideology emerged among Arabs in the late 19th and early 20th centuries?
Arabism
29
Which modern regions were part of the Levant covered by Arabism?
Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, Israel, and Jordan
30
What did Arab nationalists aim to create instead of Ottoman rule?
A Greater Syria
31
What was al-Fatat?
An Arab nationalist group founded in Paris in 1911
32
What does "al-Fatat" mean?
"The young ones"
33
What was the purpose of the Arab Congress of 1913?
To demand reforms such as limiting Arab military service to Arab lands
34
How did the Ottoman Empire respond to Arab nationalist activities after 1913?
It cracked down and suppressed the movement
35
What did Arab nationalists blame the Ottoman Empire for betraying?
Islam by adopting European-style secularism
36
Which religious group was prominent among early Arab nationalists?
Lebanese Christians
37
Where was the Arab Congress of 1913 held?
Paris
38
When did World War I begin?
1914
39
What percentage and number of Muslims in Palestine in 1914?
82% (657,000)
40
What percentage and number of Christians in Palestine in 1914?
10% (81,000)
41
What percentage and number of Jews in Palestine in 1914?
7.5% (59,000)
42
Which group had the fastest-growing population in Palestine between 1878 and 1914?
Jews, due to immigration
43
Who were the Palestinian fellahin?
Peasants who lost land or worked on Jewish farms
44
What does Zionism advocate?
The establishment of a sovereign Jewish state
45
What does the Hebrew term "Aliyah" literally mean?
"Ascent", referring to immigration to Palestine
46
What were Hovevei Zion?
Proto-Zionist movements before 1897
47
Which technological advancement helped Zionists coordinate their movement?
The telegram
48
Which technological advancement improved travel for Zionist immigration?
Steamships
49
What was the status of Hebrew before its revival by Zionists?
A dead language outside religious scholarship
50
To what anti-colonial movement did Zionists compare their efforts?
Indian nationalism
51
Which leader advocated that Jews take up arms if necessary to reclaim their homeland?
Vladimir Dubnow
52
Which Zionist leader emphasized gradual land purchases for settlement?
Eliezer Ben Yehuda
53
Which leader suggested Jews could become the majority through careful planning?
Yehiel Michael Pines
54
What does "settler-colonialism" mean?
A process where settlers establish control over indigenous lands
55
What was the nature of the debate among historians about Zionism?
Whether it was settler-colonialist or peaceful self-determination
56
How did most residents of Palestine identify themselves before WWI?
As Muslim, Arab, Ottoman subjects, or by their village/town
57
What was Ottomanism?
Loyalty to the Ottoman Empire among diverse groups
58
Which three nationalist movements laid claim to Palestine by 1914?
Zionism, Arabism, and Ottomanism
59
What year did the First Aliyah begin?
1881
60
What year did the First Aliyah end?
1903
61
What year did the Second Aliyah begin?
1904
62
What year did the Second Aliyah end?
1914
63
How did Jewish population percentage change from 1878 to 1914?
From 4% to 7.5%
64
How did Muslim population percentage change from 1878 to 1914?
From 87% to 82%
65
How did Christian population percentage change from 1878 to 1914?
From 9% to 10%
66
How did Muslim numbers change from 1878 to 1914?
From 404,000 to 657,000
67
How did Christian numbers change from 1878 to 1914?
From 44,000 to 81,000
68
How did Jewish numbers change from 1878 to 1914?
From 20,000 to 59,000
69
What societal impact did demographic changes create in Palestine?
Increased tensions due to land loss and population shifts
70
When was the First Zionist Congress held (exact dates)?
29–31 August 1897
71
Why did Zionists adopt Hebrew as a spoken language?
To unify global Jewry and restore national culture
72
How were Zionist settlers described compared to other Jewish immigrants?
As ideological pioneers committed to building a homeland
73
Why did most Jews fleeing persecution prefer the USA over Palestine?
Better safety, economic opportunities, and established communities
74
What safe havens supported Zionist coordination and discourse?
The United States and Germany
75
Was Palestinian nationalism fully formed before WWI?
No, it was in an embryonic state
76
How did demographic shifts between 1878 and 1914 affect Palestinian tensions?
Jewish population growth and land loss by peasants increased tensions
77
What years did Zionist-Ottoman negotiations span?
1901–1914
78
Which Zionist leader led negotiations with the Ottoman Empire?
Theodor Herzl and David Ben Gurion participated
79
What vision did early Zionist letters reflect?
A settler-colonial vision for reclaiming the homeland
80
What rhetoric did Zionists use to frame their movement?
Self-determination akin to anti-colonial movements
81
What was the composition of supporters in early Arab nationalism?
Both Muslims and Christians
82
By 1914, how did Ottoman control affect nationalist ambitions?
It limited both Zionist and Arab nationalist aims

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