WWI AND WARTIME AGREEMENTS

Question 1

What did Ottoman forces attempt and fail to capture in 1915?

Answer 1

The Suez Canal

Question 2

Which general led British forces through the Sinai Desert towards Palestine?

Answer 2

General Edmund Allenby

Question 3

When did British forces capture Jerusalem during WWI?

Answer 3

9 December 1917

Question 4

When did British forces capture Damascus in WWI?

Answer 4

1 October 1918

Question 5

When did British forces capture Baghdad in WWI?

Answer 5

11 March 1917

Question 6

When did British forces capture Mosul in WWI?

Answer 6

November 1918

Question 7

What was the name of Britain’s campaign to capture the Dardanelles and Istanbul?

Answer 7

The Gallipoli campaign (1915–1916)

Question 8

What was the outcome of the Gallipoli campaign?

Answer 8

It ended in failure after heavy Allied losses

Question 9

What correspondence did Britain engage in with Sharif Hussein bin Ali in 1915–1916?

Answer 9

The McMahon-Hussein Correspondence

Question 10

Who was Sharif Hussein bin Ali?

Answer 10

The ruler of Hejaz who sought an independent Arab state

Question 11

How much gold per year did Britain promise Sharif Hussein?

Answer 11

£50,000 in gold annually

Question 12

What military support did Britain promise Hussein in their letters?

Answer 12

Weapons, ammunition, food, and military assistance

Question 13

What future political entity did Hussein assume Britain promised him?

Answer 13

An independent Arab state including Palestine

Question 14

What ambiguity in the McMahon-Hussein Correspondence caused later tensions?

Answer 14

Unclear boundaries of the promised Arab state, especially regarding Palestine

Question 15

Which secret pact did Britain, France, and Russia sign in 1916 to divide Ottoman territories?

Answer 15

The Sykes-Picot Pact (16 May 1916)

Question 16

Who represented Britain in the Sykes-Picot negotiations?

Answer 16

Sir Mark Sykes

Question 17

Who represented France in the Sykes-Picot negotiations?

Answer 17

François Georges-Picot

Question 18

Which country was the third signatory in the Sykes-Picot Pact?

Answer 18

Russia

Question 19

What area did Britain gain under the Sykes-Picot Pact?

Answer 19

Southeast Mesopotamia including Haifa and an Arab state under British influence from Sinai to the Persian border

Question 20

What area did France gain under the Sykes-Picot Pact?

Answer 20

Southeast Turkey and the Syrian/Lebanese coastline

Question 21

What area did Russia gain under the Sykes-Picot Pact?

Answer 21

Armenia and control over Istanbul

Question 22

What special administration was proposed for Palestine in the Sykes-Picot Pact?

Answer 22

An international administration including Jerusalem

Question 23

Which 1917 declaration expressed British support for a Jewish national home in Palestine?

Answer 23

The Balfour Declaration

Question 24

Who was the British Foreign Secretary that signed the Balfour Declaration?

Answer 24

Arthur Balfour

Question 25

On what date was the Balfour Declaration issued?

Answer 25

2 November 1917

Question 26

Which British leader sought the Balfour Declaration to secure American support?

Answer 26

Prime Minister David Lloyd George

Question 27

What were Britain’s main motivations for issuing the Balfour Declaration?

Answer 27

To break the stalemate in the war, secure American support, and protect strategic interests

Question 28

How did the McMahon-Hussein promises conflict with Sykes-Picot?

Answer 28

McMahon promised Arab independence while Sykes-Picot divided those same lands among European powers

Question 29

Which revolution exposed the hidden Sykes-Picot maps?

Answer 29

The Bolshevik Revolution of October 1917

Question 30

When were the Sykes-Picot maps revealed to the public?

Answer 30

November 1917

Question 31

What conference in April 1920 granted Britain the mandate over Palestine?

Answer 31

The San Remo Conference

Question 32

When did the San Remo Conference take place?

Answer 32

April 1920

Question 33

Which mandates did France receive at San Remo?

Answer 33

Syria and Lebanon

Question 34

What mandate did the League of Nations grant to Britain for Palestine?

Answer 34

The Palestine Mandate

Question 35

When did the League of Nations formally approve the Palestine Mandate?

Answer 35

July 1922

Question 36

Which treaty partitioned the Ottoman Empire and confirmed the mandates?

Answer 36

The Treaty of Sèvres (August 1920)

Question 37

Who became King of Iraq under British support?

Answer 37

Faisal I

Question 38

When was Faisal I installed as King of Iraq?

Answer 38

23 August 1921

Question 39

Who became Emir of Transjordan under the British mandate?

Answer 39

Abdullah, son of Sharif Hussein

Question 40

When was the Emirate of Transjordan established?

Answer 40

11 August 1921

Question 41

Why did Sharif Hussein refuse offers to rule Hejaz after WWI?

Answer 41

Because Palestine was excluded from the promised Arab kingdom

Question 42

When was Sharif Hussein deposed as King of Hejaz?

Answer 42

1924

Question 43

Which leader did Britain support in Hejaz after dropping Hussein?

Answer 43

Abdulaziz bin Saud

Question 44

On what date was the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia founded?

Answer 44

23 September 1932

Question 45

What armistice ended hostilities between the Ottoman Empire and Allies?

Answer 45

The Armistice of Mudros (30 October 1918)

Question 46

What new national identity emerged in Palestine after WWI?

Answer 46

Palestinian nationalism

Question 47

What broader nationalist ideology predated Palestinian nationalism?

Answer 47

Pan-Arab nationalism

Question 48

Which region served as a British base for the Mesopotamian campaign?

Answer 48

Kuwait

Question 49

Which army supported British operations in Mesopotamia?

Answer 49

The British Indian Army

Question 50

In what year did the Ottoman Empire officially collapse?

Answer 50

1918

Question 51

How did the wartime agreements affect future Arab-Jewish relations?

Answer 51

They sowed seeds of conflict by making contradictory promises

Question 52

How did Palestinian Arabs view the Balfour Declaration?

Answer 52

As a colonial imposition and betrayal of their aspirations

Question 53

Which communication did Hussein send from Mecca promising revolt?

Answer 53

The Hussein-McMahon letters

Question 54

What was the main goal of the McMahon-Hussein Correspondence?

Answer 54

To secure an Arab revolt against Ottoman rule

Question 55

Which British diplomat co-negotiated Sykes-Picot with Sir Mark Sykes?

Answer 55

François Georges-Picot

Question 56

What happened at the Arab Revolt between 1916 and 1918?

Answer 56

Arab forces, aided by Britain, rebelled against Ottoman rule

Question 57

Who famously assisted Arab forces during the Arab Revolt?

Answer 57

T. E. Lawrence (Lawrence of Arabia)

Question 58

Which sea did the Gallipoli campaign aim to control?

Answer 58

The Sea of Marmara

Question 59

Which Ottoman-held city did Britain fail to capture in the Gallipoli campaign?

Answer 59

Istanbul

Question 60

What did the Anglo-French Declaration of 1918 promise?

Answer 60

Support for Arab independence in Ottoman provinces

Question 61

What document incorporated the Balfour Declaration into international law?

Answer 61

The text of the Palestine Mandate

Question 62

Which front did British forces engage on when defending the Suez Canal?

Answer 62

The Sinai-Palestine front

Question 63

What division separated Transjordan from Palestine under the mandate?

Answer 63

The Eastern boundary defined in 1921

Question 64

Which treaty dismantled the Ottoman Empire after WWI?

Answer 64

The Treaty of Sèvres

Question 65

How did France administer Syria after WWI?

Answer 65

Under the League of Nations mandate

Question 66

How did Britain administer Palestine after WWI?

Answer 66

Under the League of Nations mandate system