The Physical Basis Of Heredity

Question 1

Where is the “heredity” factor?

Answer 1

In the nucleus

Question 2

Do chromosomes occur in pairs?

Answer 2

Yes

Question 3

When do chromosomes separate?

Answer 3

At meiosis

Question 4

How do members of chromosome pair appear to segregate?

Answer 4

Independently

Question 5

Most animals have what kind of cells?

Answer 5

Diploid

Question 6

Diploid

Answer 6

2n or two sets (one pair) of chromosomes

Question 7

Autosome

Answer 7

Pairs 1-22 the “not sex chromosomes”

Question 8

What is the last pair of chromosomes?

Answer 8

Sex chromosomes

Question 9

XX

Answer 9

Female

Question 10

XY

Answer 10

Males

Question 11

Homologous chromosomes

Answer 11

Paired corresponding chromosomes

Question 12

What are homologous chromosomes similar in?

Answer 12

In morphology, centromere position, and the genes that each carry

Question 13

Centromere

Answer 13

The largest constriction site on the chromosome

Question 14

What is the site of spindle fiber attachment during mitosis?

Answer 14

The centromere

Question 15

How many chromatids per centromere?

Answer 15

2

Question 16

Sister chromatids

Answer 16

The two chromatids that make up one chromosomes

Question 17

Telomere

Answer 17

Tips of the chromosome

Question 18

How do you describe chromosomes?

Answer 18

By centromere position

Question 19

Telocentric

Answer 19

Centromere at tip

Question 20

Acrocentric

Answer 20

Centromere close to tip

Question 21

Submetacentric

Answer 21

Centromere off center

Question 22

Metacentric

Answer 22

Centromere at middle

Question 23

Karyotype

Answer 23

A chart arranging chromosome pictures according to their size, grouped by pairs of homologs

Question 24

How are chromosomes numbered in Karyotypes?

Answer 24

In order of size and centromere position

Question 25

Ideogram

Answer 25

A schematic representation of a chromosome

Question 26

Shorter arm in ideogram

Answer 26

P arm

Question 27

Longer arm in ideogram

Answer 27

Q arm

Question 28

How are major banding regions in ideograms indicated?

Answer 28

With numbers

Question 29

Microsomes

Answer 29

artificial structures derived from pieces of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) formed during tissue homogenization

Question 30

Cytogenetic

Answer 30

Genetic sub discipline that focuses on chromosome variations

Question 31

What can abnormal gene or chromosome copy numbers lead to?

Answer 31

Genetic abnormalities

Question 32

When are chromosomes visible (this is the time we Karyotype)?

Answer 32

During metaphase when the chromatids are lined up

Question 33

What is chromatin made of?

Answer 33

DNA and protein

Question 34

Chromatin

Answer 34

the material of which the chromosomes of organisms other than bacteria (i.e., eukaryotes) are composed. It consists of protein, RNA, and DNA.

Question 35

Where is chromatin located?

Answer 35

Outside of of nucleolus

Question 36

Cell Cycle

Answer 36

G1 —> S —> G2 —> Mitosis

Question 37

What two steps make up interphase?

Answer 37

G1 and S

Question 38

G1 Phase

Answer 38

Time cell growth before DNA is copied (chromosomes unduplicated)

Question 39

S Phase

Answer 39

Time of cell growth when the DNA is copied (all chromosomes duplicated)

Question 40

G2 Phase

Answer 40

Time after DNA replication the cell prepares to divide

Question 41

What are the four phases of mitosis?

Answer 41

1. Prophase 2. Metaphase 3. Anaphase 4. Telophase

Question 42

Prophase

Answer 42

When microtubules attach to the centromeres of the sister chromatids

Question 43

Metaphase

Answer 43

Spindle fibers line up chromosomes in the middle

Question 44

Aster

Answer 44

Where spindle fibers come out from

Question 45

Anaphase

Answer 45

Spindle fibers begin pulling sister chromatids apart

Question 46

Telophase and cytokinesis

Answer 46

Sister chromatids are separated and cleavage furrow and nucleus/nuclear envelope begin to form

Question 47

When does cytokinesis begin?

Answer 47

Towards the end of anaphase

Question 48

When does cytokinesis end?

Answer 48

Finishes after telophase

Question 49

What happens during cytokinesis?

Answer 49

-Cleavage furrow forms -microfilaments pull plasma membrane inward around the cell -pinches the cell in two

Question 50

Daughter cells are _____.

Answer 50

2n

Question 51

What is the function of mitosis?

Answer 51

Growth, including repair and maintenance

Question 52

Where does mitosis occur in?

Answer 52

Somatic/body cells

Question 53

What is the mechanism of mitosis?

Answer 53

Chromosomes are duplicated once then cytoplasm is divided

Question 54

What is the outcome of mitosis?

Answer 54

Maintains the diploid chromosomes number 2n —> 2n

Question 55

Effect of mitosis

Answer 55

Two diploid daughter cells

Question 56

Function of meiosis

Answer 56

Gamete production (sperm/eggs)

Question 57

Where does meiosis occur at?

Answer 57

Germ cells in gonads (testes/ovaries)

Question 58

Mechanism of meiosis

Answer 58

Chromosomes are duplicated twice then the cytoplasm is divided

Question 59

Outcome of meiosis

Answer 59

Halves the diploid chromosome number 2n—>n

Question 60

Effect of meiosis

Answer 60

Four haploid daughter cells

Question 61

What is meiosis?

Answer 61

Single DNA replication two division of the cytoplasm

Question 62

What happens during meiosis I?

Answer 62

- separation of homologs -reduces chromosomes to haploid

Question 63

What happens during meiosis II?

Answer 63

Equational division; sister chromatids of haploid cells are separated

Question 64

Genetic recombination

Answer 64

As chromosomes move closer together synapsis occurs and chromatids break and exchange genetic information

Question 65

What species can you cross?

Answer 65

Species with the similar chromosome numbers

Question 66

Why are mules infertile?

Answer 66

Because a horse has 64 chromosomes and a donkey has 62 so when a mule is born it has 63.5 and cannot reproduce with other mules

Question 67

Why can ligers or tigons reproduce but not mules?

Answer 67

Because most cats have the same chromosome number so hybrids will have the same as well and can reproduce