The position of women in German society has shown little change throughout the years in 1871-1990. How far do you agree with this statement?

Question 1

How could the overall change in Women’s position be described?

Answer 1

Pendulum like

Question 2

What could be said to be the turning point for Women?

Answer 2

WW1

Question 3

What is there a theme of throughout German history?

Answer 3

Disadvantage relative to their male counterparts

Question 4

In the Kaiserreich what legalised the lower status of women?

Answer 4

national civil code

Question 5

What did the National Civil Code Assert?

Answer 5

men had authority in all matters relating to his family’s children and over his wife’s property and power of attorney over his wife’s legal contracts.

Question 6

Could women vote during the Kaiserreich?

Answer 6

No

Question 7

Finish the sentence: whilst industrialisation did give more employment opportunities to women…

Answer 7

the work was clearly segregated from the men’s.

Question 8

Give 3 examples of women’s jobs during industrialisation

Answer 8

textiles, clothes-making and food processing

Question 9

In industrialisation, Women did things such as textiles, clothes-making and food processing. What three things were bad about these?

Answer 9

least skilled, lowest paid and without union protection

Question 10

Why was the societal concern about the number of women in the workplace during the Kaiserreich?

Answer 10

People feared that it led to bad health, leading to increased infant mortality and miscarriages. Large numbers of women died in childbirth.

Question 11

What did the government refuse to do to Women’s employment in the Kaiserreich?

Answer 11

Make reforms meaning that the employment problems persisted until the outbreak of war

Question 12

Bismarck’s welfare provision did contain specific benefits for women. By 1891, what were women guaranteed?

Answer 12

An 11 hour working day and 6 weeks’ maternity

Question 13

As a part of Bismarck’s welfare provision, by 1891 what were women barred from doing?

Answer 13

working in mines

Question 14

As a part of Bismarck’s welfare provision, by 1891 what provision did he make that could be said to re-assert their domestic role?

Answer 14

women were allowed more time off at lunch on Saturdays so that they could carry out domestic duties

Question 15

Who set up the Society for the Protection of Women Workers’ Interests and when was this?

Answer 15

Emma Ihrer 1885

Question 16

What did Emma Ihrer’s 1885 Society for the Protection of Women Workers’ Interests do?

Answer 16

support working women by providing the services of doctors and lawyers for free

Question 17

Why was the Society for the Protection of Women Workers’ interest’s support for working women by providing the services of doctors useful?

Answer 17

Because of the number of women who died in childbirth

Question 18

What shows that the Society for the Protection of Women Workers’ Interests was effective?

Answer 18

Banned by the government 1886

Question 19

When the Society for the Protection of Women Workers’ Interests was banned by the government in 1886, how many active members did it have?

Answer 19

1000

Question 20

Ihrer, who set up the Society for the Protection of Women Workers’ Interests, also was the first and only woman to do what?

Answer 20

the first and only women elected to the General Commission of German Trade Unions in 1890

Question 21

Ihrer was the first and only women elected to the General Commission of German Trade Unions in 1890, what did she use this position to do?

Answer 21

push for increased women’s rights in the workplace

Question 22

Who led the SPD’s women’s section during the Kaiserreich?

Answer 22

Clara Zetkin

Question 23

What did Clara Zetkin’s section of the SPD publish?

Answer 23

the women’s newspaper Die Gleichheit (Equality)

Question 24

What did Clara Zetkin start?

Answer 24

the first ever international women’s day on 19th March 1911

Question 25

What augments the importance of the SPD having a Women's party?

Answer 25

By 1912 they were the most popular German party and by 1912 they had 38% of the vote

Question 26

What is a limitation of talking about Clara Zetkin and Emma Ihrer?

Answer 26

These women were the exception rather than the rule

Question 27

When was the BDF founded?

Answer 27

1894

Question 28

The BDF, the Bund Deutscher Frauenvereine, translates to what?

Answer 28

Union of German Feminist Organisations

Question 29

Who supported the BDF?

Answer 29

Middle class women

Question 30

What did the BDF campaign for?

Answer 30

middle class women to have equality in education and politics and be allowed to organise their own financial affairs

Question 31

What two prominent German feminists were arrested during WW1 for their political activism?

Answer 31

Clara Zetkin and Rosa Luxemburg

Question 32

Despite the fact that the type of work that women undertook during WW1 changing demonstrably, what did not see significant change?

Answer 32

The number of women in work

Question 33

The shortage of male workers in WW1 meant that what happened for women?

Answer 33

women began working in areas previously forbidden such as heavy industry including chemicals, iron, steel and engineering.

Question 34

What two sectors did women take up key positions ii during WW1 ?

Answer 34

german postal service and transport sector

Question 35

In some households, what did Women become during WW1?

Answer 35

The primary breadwinner

Question 36

What change in governmental tone was experienced over the course of WW1?

Answer 36

Women’s work was actively encouraged by the government as being essential for the war effort

Question 37

What is the most significant factor in re-defining the role of women?

Answer 37

WW1

Question 38

What kind of earners emerged in Weimar?

Answer 38

Double-earners

Question 39

Though some double earners existed in Weimar, what was the expectation for Women?

Answer 39

there was still an expectation in many places that women should stop working when married so that they could focus on domestic life and raising a family

Question 40

The significant changes that there were in Weimar were limited in what way?

Answer 40

They only affected an urban minority. For those in rural areas, life remained very traditional.

Question 41

When were women given the right to vote and to stand for office?

Answer 41

November 12th 1919

Question 42

In 1919 Women made up what proportion of the Weimar parliament?

Answer 42

9.6%

Question 43

What was the average Women composition of the Weimar parliament?

Answer 43

6-7%

Question 44

Despite the relatively low levels of Women in the Weimar parliament, it was still a huge improvement compared to other European countries. In the UK women could not vote on the same terms as men until when?

Answer 44

1928

Question 45

What percentage of the Länder parliaments were made up by women?

Answer 45

6.1%

Question 46

How did the Weimar constitution move away from Bismarck's civil code?

Answer 46

guaranteed equality in education and equal employment opportunity and pay in the civil service

Question 47

Weimar Women emerged because what removed the traditional idea of marriage for many?

Answer 47

The loss of 2 million men in ww1

Question 48

What culture did Weimar Women follow?

Answer 48

The USA's jazz culture

Question 49

When was abortion legalised in cases where the mother was at risk?

Answer 49

1926

Question 50

What is the Nazi slogan for Women?

Answer 50

Kinder Kirche Küche

Question 51

What does Kinder Kirche Küche translate into?

Answer 51

Children Church Kitchen

Question 52

For those women who had enjoyed the increased freedom that Weimar brought, what Nazi view could be viewed as a regressive step?

Answer 52

Nazi’s view that the nation’s strength and vigour relied on Women leading traditional lives

Question 53

What three policies did the Nazis role out from 1933 that negatively affected the lives of women?

Answer 53

- Banned from practising law or medicine - Female teachers dismissed and barred from jury service — the number of teachers declined by 15% 1933-35 - Only 10% of university places could be reserved for women, with previous attendance at 20%

Question 54

What was the Mutterkreuz?

Answer 54

The mother's cross, an award for Women who had lots of children

Question 55

What were the different categories of the Mutterkreuz?

Answer 55

Gold for 8 kids, silver for 6 and bronze for 4.

Question 56

During the Nazi period, how many men and women were sterilised?

Answer 56

350 000

Question 57

Though it may be demeaning, how could the Mutterkreuz be considered to be a good thing?

Answer 57

If you were already a traditional german Woman wanting children

Question 58

What serves as an acknowledgement that the Nazis' economic policies were good for all?

Answer 58

That the Nazis got a lot of support for women in the 1933 election

Question 59

What did the Nazis remove for women in 1937?

Answer 59

The Nazis removed the restriction on marriage loans to include females in 1937

Question 60

Why did the Nazis remove the restriction on marriage loans to include women in 1937?

Answer 60

they saw the need for female workers in preparing for war

Question 61

despite the Nazi's policies, what percentage of the workforce did Women make up in 1933 and 1939?

Answer 61

33% of the Workforce by 1939 compared to 37% in 1933

Question 62

In 1939, what percentage of the clothing industry employees were women?

Answer 62

66%

Question 63

In 1939, what percentage of the metalwork industry employees were women?

Answer 63

12%

Question 64

Between which Nazi dates did women's wage increase faster than men's?

Answer 64

1935-38

Question 65

Hitler was concerned about being unpopular during the war, so what was relaxed for women?

Answer 65

Restriction on clothing and makeup

Question 66

What suggests that the Nazi’s changes were popular particularly amongst women of child-bearing age, older women and children?

Answer 66

The lack of protest

Question 67

What was the girls' organisation called under the Nazis?

Answer 67

BDM (league of German Girls - Bund Deutscher Mädel)

Question 68

Why was the BDM (Bund Deutscher Mädel) popular?

Answer 68

Gave poor girls opportunities that would have previously been unattainable

Question 69

Complete the sentence: though Women served a more traditional role in Nazi Germany,

Answer 69

the value of their position was not diminished

Question 70

Despite an economic boom, what percentage of the workforce did Women make up by 1980?

Answer 70

39% of the workforce

Question 71

Compare the percentage of the workforce that Women made up by 1980 with the Nazis and Weimar?

Answer 71

39% was only 2% above Weimar and 6% above the Nazis which suggests that that economic independence and status had had a negligible improvement over the time.

Question 72

Positions available in the FRG were more often filled by which group than by Women?

Answer 72

Immigrants

Question 73

By 1980, women still occupied which kind of jobs?

Answer 73

Lowest paid

Question 74

What percentage of part time work was done by women in the FRG?

Answer 74

90%

Question 75

What percentage lower was women's pay than men's in the FRG?

Answer 75

30% lower than men’s

Question 76

What percentage of hospital and school staff were women in 1989?

Answer 76

75% of hospital staff and 50% of teaching staff

Question 77

What percentage of doctors, head teachers and professors were women in 1989?

Answer 77

4% of doctors, 20% of headteachers and 5% of university professors were women.

Question 78

When were women given legal equality with their husbands in the FRG?

Answer 78

1957

Question 79

What was removed in 1959?

Answer 79

the father’s complete say over matters relating to the family’s children was removed making it equal

Question 80

What spread to Germany during the 1970s?

Answer 80

feminist movements of the USA

Question 81

What three things did the 1970s feminist movement achieve?

Answer 81

complete marital equality, ease of divorce and an ability for women to seek jobs without their husband’s permission.

Question 82

When did female university admissions match men?

Answer 82

by the 1980s

Question 83

What percentage of ALL university students were women by 1989?

Answer 83

41%

Question 84

How was the social status of women judged until the end of the 1980s?

Answer 84

judged by their husband or father’s employment.

Question 85

What does the fact that until the end of the 1980s, the social status of a woman was judged by their husband or father’s employment suggest?

Answer 85

That there is a key theme of disadvantage running through German society

Question 86

Why would it be wrong to assert that there was little change to the lives of women?

Answer 86

So frequently was the role of women redefined by the governments

Question 87

where are there areas of sticking continuity throughout genre history for women?

Answer 87

Rural areas

Question 88

What comparison suggests a broad trajectory of long-term change?

Answer 88

Kaiserreich vs. FRG

Question 89

In what era was there significant short term change to the lives of women?

Answer 89

Weimar

Question 90

What group of women's lives changed most?

Answer 90

Urban