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Year 1: Human Biology Term 1 > The Renal System > Flashcards

The Renal System Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Enumrate the organs of the renal/urinary system

A

Kidney’s

Ureters

Urinary Bladder

Urethra

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2
Q

List the main functions o the kidney’s

A

Has excretory, regulatory and metabolic functions:

Removes waste and excess fluid

Maintains Fluid balance in the body

Synthesises hormones

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3
Q

True or false?: There are 2 kidney’s int the body

A

True

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4
Q

List the main function of the kidney’s

A

Filtration

Regulation of Blood volume

Regulation of osmolarity

Secretion of renin and erythropoietin

Maintenance of Acid- base balance

Synthesis of Vitamin D

Detoxification free radicals and drugs

Gluconeogenesis

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5
Q

What percentage of cardiac output goes to the kidney’s?

A

20 - 25%

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6
Q

Where are the kidney’s located?

A

In the lower abdomen on either side of the body

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7
Q

What is a capsule?

A

Tissue which covers entire kidney (outermost layer)

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8
Q

What is a cortex?

A

The outermost part of the kidney

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9
Q

What is are renal pyramids?

A

Cone-shaped structures of the medulla in the kidneys

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10
Q

What is a medulla?

A

Region of kidney which is light in colour and has an abundance of blood vessels and nephron tubules

Contains renal pyramids

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11
Q

What is a calyces?

A

Small funnel -shaped cavities formed from the renal pelvis

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12
Q

What is a calyces?

A

Small funnel -shaped cavities formed from the renal pelvis.

Peristalsis in the cayces propels urine into the renal pelvis.

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13
Q

What is a renal pelvis?

A

Forms expanded upper portion of the ureter

funnel shaped

is where 2 or more calyces converge

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14
Q

What structure supplied oxygenated blood to the kidneys?

A

Renal artery

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15
Q

What is the function of the renal artery?

A

t supply oxygenated blood to the kidneys

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16
Q

What is the function of the renal vein?

A

To transport filtered blood away from the kidney towards the heart

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17
Q

What structure transports filtered blood away from the kidneys towards the heart?

A

Renal vein

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18
Q

What are nephrons

A

Nephrons are the functional part of the kidney which filters the blood and produce urine as a result.

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19
Q

What is the functional part of the kidney?

A

Nephrons

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20
Q

What are the three parts of the renal tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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21
Q

What are the three parts of the renal tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

Loop of Henle

Distal convoluted tubule

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22
Q

What is the volume of filtrate formed by both kidney’s per min called?

A

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

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23
Q

What is glomerular filtration rate?

A

he volume of filtrate formed by both kidney’s per min

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24
Q

True or false?: urine is a sterile liquid

A

True

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25
Identify the 3 processes involved in the formation of urine
Filtration selective reabsorbtion secretion
26
Where is ADH produced and stored?
produced by the hypothalamus stored in the pituitary gland
27
What does ADH do?
Increases permeability of cells in distal convoluted tube and collecting ducts More water gets reabsorbed from renal tubules. Therefore urine volume decreases
28
Where is aldosterone produced?
Adrenal gland
29
What does aldosterone do?
Stimulates cells in the collecting ducts to reabsorb sodium and chloride and secrete potassium. This increases blood volume
30
Where is Atrial natriuretic hormone (ANH) produced?
myocytes of the atria of the heart in response to increased blood pressure
31
What does ANH do?
It is a powerful vasodilator released in response to increased blood pressure stimulate kidney's to excrete Na and H2O from renal tubule decreasing blood volume and pressute
32
What does parathyroid hormone do?
used in calcium regulation Increases calcium levels when they get too low
33
Where is calcitonin produced?
used in calcium regulation lowers calcium levels when they get too high
34
Which electrolytes and compounds are secreted during tubular secretion?
``` potassium hydrogen ions ammonium ions creatinine urea some hormones ```
35
Where is renin produced?
By juxstaglomerular cells in the kidneys
36
What does renin do?
involved in altering systemic blood pressure Converts angiotensinogen into angiotensin 1
37
Where is angiotensinogen produced?
by hepatocytes in the liver
38
How is angiotensin 1 transported to the lungs?
via the circulatory system
39
What enzyme converts angiotensin 1 into angiotensin 2?
Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
40
Where is ACE produced?
In the lungs
41
List some signs of dehydration
Low urine output dry lips Concentraed pee (dark yellow) Rapid heart rate/ breathing sleepiness/ lack of energy
42
How do you assess fluid balance?
By using a fluid blance chart
43
Where is erythropoeitin produced?
In the kidneys
44
What does erythropoeitin do?
Stimulate the production of red blood cells.
45
What is polyuria?
Condition where you produce excessive amounts of urine
46
What is Oliguria?
low output of urine
47
What is the function of the ureters?
to carry urine from the kidney's to the bladder
48
What structure carries urine from the kidneys to the bladder?
ureters
49
What is the functions of the bladder?
reservoir for urine beore peeing
50
Which muscle contracts when urine is being released?
Detrusor muscles
51
Which muscle is under voluntary control?
External urinary sphincter
52
True/false?: The internal urinary sphincter is under voluntary control
false
53
True/false?: The external urinary sphincter is under voluntary control
True
54
What is the medical term for kidney stone or stones within the urinary tract?
urolithiasis
55
What is urolithiasis?
Kidney stones
56
What are the 3 processes involved in reabsorbtion?
osmosis diffusion Active transport
57
approximately how much blood enters the kidney's every day?
190L
58
Where is cortisol produced?
the adrenal gland in the kidney's
59
What feedback system maintains a relatively constant renal blood flow
tubolomerular feedback system
60
What does the tuboglomerular feedback system do?
it keeps renal blood flow relatively constant
61
What effect doe ADH have on the renal tubule?
increases the reabsorbtion of water from the collecting duct
62
What substances are not found in healthy urine?
Protein bile pigments glucose
63
What happens during micturition?
the urethra and pelvic floor relaxes
64
Which protein is responsible for the colloid oncotic pressure of plasma?
albumin

Year 1: Human Biology Term 1 (8 decks)

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