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Physiology > The Reproductive System (LO #35-56) > Flashcards

The Reproductive System (LO #35-56) Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

Describe the effects of testosterone in the human male.

A
  1. required for initiation and maintenance of spermatogenesis (acts via sertoli cells)
  2. decreases GnRh secretion via an action on the anterior pituitary gland
  3. inhibits LH secretion via a direct action on the anterior pituitary gland
  4. induces differentiation of male accessory reproductive organs and maintains their function
  5. induces male secondary sex characteristics; opposes action of estrogen on breast growth
  6. stimulates protein anabolism, bone growth, and cessation of bone growth
  7. required for sex drive and may enhance aggressive behavior
  8. stimulates erythropoietin secretion by the kidneys
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2
Q

Describe the functional anatomy of the male reproductive system

A

testes: sperm production, gametogenesis, steroid production

epididymus: sperm storage
vas deferens: duct work
seminal vesicles: fructose, prostaglandins
prostate: alkaline mucus, clotting factors
bulbourethral glands: lubricating mucus
penis: more duct work

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3
Q

What is the optimum temp for sperm production?

A

a few degrees below body temp

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4
Q

What are sertoli cells?

A

surround the lumen, form blood-testes barrier, sperm proliferation/differentiation, nourish developing sperm, respond to FSH

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5
Q

What are leydig cells?

A

make/release androgen steroids, respond to LH

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6
Q

Where are sertoli and leydig cells found?

A

seminferous tubules

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7
Q

Are there polar bodies in male gametogensis?

A

no

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8
Q

describe the process of spermatogenesis

A

spermatogonia
mitosis differentiation
primary spermacytes
1st meiotic divison
secondary spermatocytes
2nd meiotic devision
spermatids
differentiation
spermatoza

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9
Q

Describe the functions of sertoli cells

A
  1. provide cell barrier to chemicals in plasma and immune system
  2. nourish developing sperm
  3. secrete luminal fluid, including androgen binding protein
  4. respond to stimulation by testosterone and FSH to secrete paracrine agents that stimulate sperm proliferations and differentiation
  5. secrete the protein hormone inhibin, which inhibits FSH secretion from the pituitary gland
  6. secrete paracrine agents that influence the function of Leydig cells
    7.Phagocytize sperm
  7. secrete AMH which cauess primordial female duct system to rgeress during embryonic life
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10
Q

What is the primary female reproductive organ? What does it do?

A

Ovary
oogenisis (maturing gamete)
steroid sex hormone secretion
eg. estrogen and progesterone

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11
Q

What are the internal accessory organs of the female reproductive system, excluding the ovary?

A

fallopian tubes (oviducts), uterus, cervix, vagina

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12
Q

What are the two pats of the uterus?

A

endometrium and myometrium

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13
Q

summarize oogenisis

A

phases of gamete development
before birth, oogonium divides mitotically to give rise to 2-4 million oogonia
just before birth, oogonia begin first meiotic division, but do not complete it.

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14
Q

What are all oogonia known as?

A

primary oocytes

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15
Q

What is proliferation?

A

mitosis differentiation from stem cells to primary oocytes

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16
Q

What are the two phases that the ovary alternates between?

A

follicular phase and luteal phase

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17
Q

What event separates the two phases of the ovaries?

A

ovulation

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18
Q

When are primary oocytes in the primoridial follicles?

A

before birth

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19
Q

What do a portion of the resting primary follicles progress to in childhood and during the menstrual cycles?

A

preantral/early antral follicles

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20
Q

In growing follicles, what do granulosa cells secrete?

A

estrogen

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21
Q

What is the name of the follicle that survives?

A

dominant follicle

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22
Q

What happens to the follicles that do not reach maturity?

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A

atresia or absorption

23
Q

When does the primary oocyte complete its first meiotic division?

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A

just prior to ovulation, so secondary oocyte is ovulated

24
Q

After ovulation, remnants of dominant follicle form what? What is it made of?

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A

corpus luteum (lots of cholesterol, fat, and progesterone)

25
If no fertilization occurs, the corpus luteum becomes what?
corpus albicans
26
When does the menstrual cycle start and stop?
puberty and meopause
27
Which hormone acts of granulosa cells?
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH)
28
Which hormone acts on theca cells?
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
29
What is required to completely inhibit LH?
BOTH estrogen and progesterone
30
What converts androgens to estrogen?
granulosa cells
31
What causes ovulation?
LH surge
32
Describe the sequence of effects of the LH surge
1. The primary oocyte completes its first meiotic devision and undergoes cytoplasmic changes that prepare the ovum for implantation. The LH effects on the oocyte are mediated by messengers released from the granulosa cells in response to LH 2. Antrum size(fluid volume) and blood flow to the follicle increase markedly 3. The granulosa cells begin releasing progesterone and decreasing the release of estrogen 4. enzymes and prostaglandins, synthesized by the granulosa cells, break down the follicular-ovarian membranes 5. The remaining granulosa cells of the ruptured follicle (along with the theca calls of that follicle) are transformed into the corpus luteum, which begins to release progesterone and estrogen
33
What leads to declining LH levels and loss of the corpus luteum and thus cycle termination?
increasing negative feedback from increasing levels of progesterone during early to mid luteal phase
34
What are cyclic uterine changes causes by?
hormonal changes during the ovarian cycle
35
What are the three phases of the menstrual cycle?
1. Menstrual Phase 2. Proliferative Phase 3. Secretory/Progestational Phase
36
Describe the menstrual phase
-decreased estrogen and progesterone causes the release of potent prostaglandins, which cause vasoconstriction of uterine blood vessels. Then dilation and hemorrhage -endometrium dies, sloughs off and exits body (5-7 days)
37
Describe the Proliferative Phase.
-increased estrogen -increased growth/proliferation of endometrium, glands, and blood vessels of endometrium and myometrium
38
Describe the Secretory/Progestational Phase
-increased progesterone -endometrium/myometrium is thickened even further -increased vascularization -becomes filled with stored glycogen to support embryo
39
Describe the roles of estrogen and progesterone in: endometrium myometrium cilia/fimbria cervical mucus breast(pregnancy) follicle body temp
Estrogen, Progesterone endometrium- proliferation, secretory myometrium- increase growth, decrease contractility cilia/fimbria- increase activity, decrease activity cervical mucus- thin watery lots, viscous little (mucus plug) breast(pregnancy) - duct development, lobules/alveoli follicle- increase development, decrease development body temp- none, 0.5-1 degree celsius
40
Describe the effects of Gonadal Steroids at puberty
-growth spurt stoppage -development of breasts and genitatlia -appearance of axillary and pubic hair -pelvic widening -female fat distribution (breasts, hips, subcutaneous)
41
Describe the effects of Gonadal Steroids not included in puberty
-osteoblast activation (build bone) -influences blood vessel radius changes -maintains healthy smooth skin -protective of neurons -protection from CV disease?
42
When must fertilization occur?
within 24 hours of ovulation
43
How long can implantation occur?
7-10 days after fertilization
44
What must happen after implantation to prevent degradation of uterine lining?
E and P levels must stay high
45
Name fun facts about human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)
1. secreted by developing embryo 2. the basis for pregnancy tests 3. rescues corpus luteum 4. mediates implantation 5. turns on testosterone production in male fetus testes
46
What are the major events that happen during days 1-5 of the menstrual cycle?
estrogen and progesterone are low because the previous corpus luteum is regressing endometrial lining sloughs secretion of FSH and LH is released from inhibition and their plasma concentrations increase several growing follicles are stimulated to mature
47
What are the major events that happen on day 7 of the menstrual cycle?
a single follicle becomes dominant
48
What are the major events that happen during days 7-12 of the menstrual cycle?
plasma estrogen increases because of secretion by the dominant follicle endometrium is stimulated to proliferate LH and FSH decrease due to estrogen and inhibin negative feedback degradation (atresia) of non-dominant follicles occurs
49
What are the major events that happen during days 12-12of the menstrual cycle?
LH surge is induced by increasing plasma estrogen secreted by the dominant follicle (positive feedback) oocyte is induced to compete its first meiotic division and undergo cytoplasmic maturation follicle is stimulated to secrete digestive enzymes and prostaglandins
50
What are the major events that happen on day 14 of the menstrual cycle?
ovulation is mediated by follicular enzymes and prostaglandins
51
What are the major events that happen during days 15-25 of the menstrual cycle?
corpus luteum and, under the influence of low but adequate levels of LH, secretes estrogen and progesterone, increasing plasma concentrations of these hormones secretory endometrium develops secretion of FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary gland is inhibited, lowering their plasma concentrations no new follicles develop
52
What are the major events that happen during days 25-28 of the menstrual cycle?
Corpus luteum degenerates (if implantation does not occur) plasma estrogen and progesterone concentrations decrease endometrium begins to slough at conclusion of day 28, and a new cycle begins
53
Describe effects of estrogen
1. stimulates growth of ovary and follicles 2. stimulates growth of smooth muscle and proliferation of epithelial linings of reproductive tract fallopian tubes: increases contractions and cillary activity uterus: increases myometrial contractions and responsiveness to oxytocin; stimulates secretion of abundant watery cervical mucus; induces progesterone receptors vagina: increases layering of epithelial cells 3. simulates external genitalia growth, particularly during puberty 4. stimulates breast growth, particularly ducts and fat deposition during puberty 5. stimulates female body configuration development during puberty 6. stimulates fliud secretion 7. stiumlats bone growth 8. vascular effects 9. has feedback effects 10. stimulates prolactin secretions but inhibits prolactins milk induction action 11. protects against athroclerosis
54
Describe effects of progesterone
1. converts the estrogen-primed endometrium to an actively secreting tissue suitable for implantation of an embryo 2. induces thick, sticky cervical mucus 3. decreases contractions of fallopian tubes and myometrium 4. decreases proliferation of vaginal epithelial cells 5. stimulates breast growth, particularly glandular tissue 6. inhibits milk-inducing effects of prolactin 7. has feedback effects 8. increases body temp

Physiology (9 decks)

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