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Physiology > Final Unit 3 Material > Flashcards

Final Unit 3 Material Flashcards

1
Q

What is the functional unit of the CV system?

A

capillary

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2
Q

What is the Metarteriole?

A

The regulatable local bypass or shunt
eg. temp dependent flow at skin
allows blood to skip the capillary bed, good for temp control

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3
Q

Describe the movement/distribution of solutes during perfusion

A

-plasma proteins generally cannot cross the capillary wall due to size and charge
-hydrophobic solutes (lipid-soluble) pass through the endothelial cells (O2, CO2)
-hydrophilic solutes (small water soluble substances) pass through the pores or clefts (Na+, K+)
-exchangeable proteins move across via vesicular transport (exocytosis and endocytosis)

-

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4
Q

How is Bulk Flow calculated? What is it?

A

Bulk Flow = F - R , distributes and balances fluid volume between two compartments

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5
Q

What are the four starling forces?

A
  1. Pc - capillary hydrostatic pressure (pushes away)
  2. Pif - interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (pushes away)
  3. pi c - osmotic force due to plasma protein concentration (pulls towards)
  4. pi if - osmotic force due to interstitial fluid protein concentration ( pulls towards)
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6
Q

How is net filtration pressure calculated?

A

NFP = Pc +pi(if) - P(if) - pi(c)

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7
Q

Describe systemic veins

A
  1. Return blood to heart (big radius, low R), floppy, so resistance is not relevant
  2. Capacitance (“storage”)
  3. Low pressure for return
    - low resistance
    -high capacitance
    -very compliant
    - less elastic, floppy
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8
Q

What factors help with venous return by fighting against gravity?

A
  1. Sympathetic innervation
    -sympathetically mediated veno-constriction can substantially increase venous return (alpha 1 R)
  2. Skeletal Muscle “pump”
    -muscles squeeze large veins and force blood toward the heart
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9
Q

How much of the blood is in the veins at rest?

A

60 %

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10
Q

What are the valves in the veins analogous to?

A

SL valve

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11
Q

What four events can lead to an increase in venous pressure, and therefore an increase in stroke volume?

A
  1. increased activity of the sympathetic nerves to veins
  2. increased skeletal pump
  3. increase blood volume
  4. increased inhalation movements
    -respiratory pump sucks blood upward into thoracic cavity
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12
Q

What are the three mechanisms that induce lymph “flow”?

A

1- increased filtration at capillaries
2- smooth muscle & one-way valves
3- symp influence via NE

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13
Q

Where does all lymph end up?

A

back in plasma via large veins near the heart

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14
Q

What is lymph made of?

A

interstitial fluid + absorbed fats + escaped plasma proteins

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15
Q

What is the structure of a lymph vessel similar to?

A

veins (smooth muscle and valves)

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16
Q

When do lymph nodes enlarge?

A

when fighting infection

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17
Q

How much lymph does our body produce per day?

A

3-4 liters/day

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18
Q

What is elephantiasis? What does it cause?

A

blockage of the lymph flow due to infectious filaria worms (transmitted via mosquito bite) living in lymph nodes
edema:
-fluid retention
-swelling
-accumulating ISF
cannot recover

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19
Q

Compare the pressures (MAP) and resistance (TPR) of the systemic circulation vs. the pulmonary circulation

A

systemic has HIGH MAP and Large TPR
pulmonary has LOW MAP and LOW TPR

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20
Q

What are the functions of the respiratory system?

A

-provides oxygen to the blood
-eliminates carbon dioxide from the blood
-regulates the blood’s [H+] aka regulates pH in coordination with the kidneys
-forms speech sounds (phonation)
-defends against inhaled microbes
-influences arterial concentrations of chemical messengers by removing some from pulmonary capillary blood and producing and adding others to this blood
-traps and dissolves blood clots arising from systemic veins such as those in the legs

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21
Q

What is the purpose of the ciliary escalator? Where does this happen?

A

-helps us remove particulate matter
-moves toward opening
-only happens in largest upper airways (trachea and large bronchi)
-smokers tend to have a dysfunctional ciliary escalator

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22
Q

What discharges the mucus for the ciliary escalator?

A

goblet cells

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23
Q

What is the conducting zone? What is included in it?

A

anatomical dead space where no gas exchange occurs
-trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, terminal bronchioles

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24
Q

What is the respiratory zone? What is included in it?

A

where most gas exchange occurs
-respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs

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25
Q

What are the functions of the conducting zone?

A

-provides a low-resistance pathway for airflow, resistance is physiologically regulated by changes in contraction of bronchiolar smooth muscle and by physical forces acting upon the airways
-defends against microbes, toxic chemicals, and other foreign matter
-warms and moistens air
-participates in sound production (vocal cords)

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26
Q

What performs the task of defense in the conducting zone?

A

cilia, mucus, and macrophages

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27
Q

Describe the intra-pleural space

A

small space and only contains a couple mLs of fluid to help reduce friction (lubrication)

28
Q

What muscles are used during quiet breathing (inhale and exhale)?

A

inhale:
-diaphragm (flattens/contracts)
-external intercostals (lifts chest up)
exhale
-diaphragm (domes/relaxes)
-external intercostals (relaxes, chest falls)

29
Q

What muscles are used during active breathing (inhale and exhale)?

A

inhale:
-diaphragm
-external intercostals
-scalenes and sternocleidomastoid (work together to elevate scapula and excessively elevate chest)
exhale:
-diaphragm
-external intercostals
-rectus abdominus
-external abdominal obliques
-internal intercostals(depress ribcage)

30
Q

What happens when atmospheric pressure is greater that alveolar?

A

air flows into lungs, inhalation

31
Q

What happens when atmospheric pressure is less than alveolar?

A

air flows out of lunges, exhale

32
Q

What must exist if alveolar and atmospheric pressures are not the same?

A

pressure gradient, air flow

33
Q

How is trans-pulmonary pressure calculated?

A

alveolar pressure minus intra-pleural pressure

34
Q

What does pneumothorax mean?

A

air in chest cavity

35
Q

What is atelectasis? What can cause it?

A

collapsed lung
associated with trauma, disease, genetic pre-disposistion, infection, etc.

36
Q

What does work describe when referring to the work of breating?

A

the effort, the metabolic cost, to expand lung volume, to move air, and sometimes even to quietly exhale

37
Q

What is the normal cost of breathing? What is the cost of breathing with lung disease?

A

~3% of total metabolism
~30% of total metabolism

38
Q

What is lung compliance? How is it calculated?

A

stretchability
change in lung volume/ change in Ptp

39
Q

Compared to normal compliance inhalation and exhalation, what happens with increased compliance? Increase elasticity?

A

increased compliance = easy inhale
increased elasticity = easy exhale

40
Q

What are the effects of…
1. floppy lung tissue
2. fibrous tissue
and what is an example of each?

A
  1. increases compliance (emphysema)
  2. decreases compliance (cystic fibrosis)
41
Q

Describe how surface tension and surfactant affect compliance?

A

surface tension is caused by attractive hydrogen bonding between water molecules, which would lead to a collapsed arteriole without the presence of surfactant, which prevents these hydrogen bonds form forming

42
Q

What secretes surfactant?

A

type II alveolar cells

43
Q

What increases the secretion of surfactant?

A

deep breaths (yawning and sighing)

44
Q

What is the work of breathing determined by?

A
  1. compliance
  2. airway resistance
45
Q

How is airway resistance calculated?

A

R = (8LEta)/ (pir^4)

46
Q

What effects does asthma have on airways?

A

increases resistance due to constriction and inflammation

47
Q

What does sympathetic activation lead to in the bronchioles, and how does this compare to the blood vessels?

A

dilates bronchioles (beta 2 R), constricts blood vessels (alpha-1 R)

48
Q

What causes dilation of bronchioles vs constriction?

A

sympathetic Beta 2 causes dilation
parasymp M-Ach causes constriction

49
Q

What is the long calculation for air flow?

A

F = (deltaPxpixr^4) / (8xLxEta)

50
Q

What are the two main cell types that make up the alveoli?

A

Type I: flat epithelial cell that makes up the majority of the alveolar sacs, 1 cell layer thick
Type II: spherical cell that produces and secretes pulmonary surfactant

51
Q

Describe the barrier between alveoli and capillaries

A

(0.2 micrometers in thickness)
1. Type I alveolar cell
2. basement membrane
3. interstitium
4. basement membrane of capillary
5. endothelial cell of capillary

52
Q

What is tidal volume (TV)?

A

amount of air inhaled or exhaled in one breath (500 mL)

53
Q

What is inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)?

A

amount of air in excess of tidal inspiration that can be inhaled with maximum effort

54
Q

What is expiratory reserve volume (ERV)?

A

amount of air in excess of tidal expiration that can be exhaled with maximum effort

55
Q

What is residual volume (RV)?

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs after maximum expiration: keeps alveoli inflated between breaths and mixes with fresh air during next inspiration

56
Q

What is vital capacity?

A

amount of air that can be exhaled with maximum effort after maximum inspiration (ERV + TV + IRV): used to assess strength of thoracic muscles as well as pulmonary function

57
Q

What is inspiratory capacity (IC)?

A

max amount of air that can be inhaled after a normal tidal expiration (TV+IRV)

58
Q

What is functional residual capacity (FRC)?

A

amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal tidal expiration (RV + ERV)

59
Q

What is total lung capacity (TLC)?

A

maximum amount of air the lungs can contain (RV + VC)

60
Q

Describe what happens in the anatomical deadspace

A

-when air is in the conducting airways, no gas exchange occurs
-150 mL stays in alveoli after exhalation
-only 350 mL of new air enters the alveoli to participate in gas exchange, old air also participates

61
Q

What is minute ventilation? How is it calculated?

A

-how much air you are working to move through your entire system
Freq x TV = MV

62
Q

What is alveolar ventilation? How does it compare to minute ventilation? How is it calculated?

A

will always be less than minute ventilation, it is how much air actually participates in gas exhange
Freq x (TV - DS) = AV

63
Q

How would panting and slow breathing affect AV assuming that MV does not change?

A

panting would decrease TV and increase freq, MV stays the same but AV decreases to 0

slow breathing would increase TV but decrease freq, MV stays the same, AV increase

64
Q

Why do we not typically use slow deep breathing if it increases alveolar ventilation?

A

takes too much energy

65
Q

What are the typical amounts of O2 produces and CO2 consumed per minute? Which has a higher volume in the blood?

A

O2 = 250 mL
CO2 = 200 mL

CO2 has higher volume/concentration in the blood

66
Q

Name the four physical properties of gases

A
  1. collisions with walls determines pressure
    -pressure increases with increasing temperature and concentration of the gas
  2. Dalton’s Law: in a mixture of gases, the pressure each gas exerts is independent of the pressure others exert
  3. Only unbound molecules can have collisions and therefore exert pressure
    -our chemoreceptors only sense unbound molecules
  4. Henry’s Law: The amount of gas dissolved in a liquid will be proportional to the partial pressure and the solubility coefficient of the gas with which the liquid is in equilibrium

Physiology (9 decks)

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