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Physiology > Unit 3 Quiz 3 Material > Flashcards

Unit 3 Quiz 3 Material Flashcards

1
Q

What is cardiac output? how is it calculated? What is the normal value?

A

the volume of blood coming out of each ventricle per unit time, usually expressed as Liters/min
CO = HR x SV
5L/min

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2
Q

What are the typical effects of parasympathetic output?

A

-slows heart rate
-reduces cardiac output
-decreases SA frequency
-decreases AV conduction velocity
-decreases atrial kick

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3
Q

What are the typical effects of sympathetic output?

A

-increases HR
-increases SV and CO
-increases SA frequency
-increases conduction velocity– all cells
-increases atrial kick
-increases stroke volume (SV)

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4
Q

What is the Frank-Starling Relationship?

A

As you stretch the cardiac chamber, it gets stronger

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5
Q

What are the implications of the Frank-Starling Relationship?

A

-control EDV, prevent ESV from increasing (prevent clotting)
-matching of LV and RV output, output from right and left sides of the heart remain equal
-prevention of rise in venous pressure
-prevents blood from backing up into veins/capillaries

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6
Q

What determines EDV?

A

venous return

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7
Q

What leads to increased contractility in extrinsic vs. intrinsic?

A

adding NE and E

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8
Q

Describe the similarities and differences between extrinsic and intrinsic mechanism of regulation?

A

both have the same EDV but extrinsic has higher SV due to sympathetic stimulation

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9
Q

What is the ejection fraction and what does it represent?

A

EF = SV/ EDV
higher EF represents a more complete ejection of EDV

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10
Q

At rest, what percent of troponin is bound with Ca 2+? What does the addition of sympathetic output do?

A

30%
increased L-Ca2+ current, ie bigger trigger
more calcium into cytosol, more troponin saturation

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11
Q

What is THE POINT of the signal transduction pathway?

A

-faster and more calcium release
-faster calcium removal
-stronger, briefer contraction

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12
Q

Define Chronotropy

A

regulation of heart rate by autonomic NS

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13
Q

Define Dromotropy

A

conduction velocity through AV node

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14
Q

Define Inotropy

A

tension or force development (twitch)

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15
Q

Describe what a large artery consists of.

A

several elastic layers- allows for recoil
endothelium - smooth lining, commonly damaged
many layers of smooth muscle (radius and flow) and connective tissues (support and strength)
lumen

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16
Q

Describe what an arteriole consists of

A

endothelium
smooth muscle cells
lumen

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17
Q

Describe what a capillary consists of

A

single layer of endothelial cells
lumen

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18
Q

Describe what a venule consists of

A

endothelium
connection tissue
lumen

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19
Q

Describe what a large vein consists of

A

few elastic layers (floppy)
endothelium
wide lumen
few layers of smooth muscle and connective tissue

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20
Q

Name the 5 main types of blood vessels and what their main functions are

A
  1. Large artery- low resistance, conducting vessels
  2. Arteriole - flow regulators
  3. Capillary - functional unit of the CV system
  4. Venule - WBC’s released into tissues during inflammation and infection; capacitance vessels
  5. Large vein- low resistance, high-capacitance vessels, house 2/3 of blood in veins
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21
Q

What happens in response to pulsatile contraction of the heart?

A

waves of pressure move throughout the vasculature, decreasing in amplitude with distance

22
Q

What causes the dicrotic notch?

A

result of semilunar valve closing

23
Q

Where do oscillations stop or cease to exist?

A

venules

24
Q

Define compliance

A

how easy to expand

25
Q

What happens when blood is pumped into arteries?

A

the volume pumped out with single heart beat stretches out the arteries; their recoil then continues to push on the blood, keeping it moving during diastole

26
Q

Describe elastic recoil

A

strength of snap back

27
Q

Why are arteries described as a pressure reservoir?

A

very high in elastin

28
Q

How is Pulse Pressure calculated?

A

pulse pressure = systolic - diastolic

29
Q

How is Mean Arterial Pressure Calculated?

A

MAP = DP + (PP)/3

30
Q

What happens to arterial compliance with increasing age?

A

decreases, ie arteries get stiff
SP trends higher, DP trends lower
PP trends higher
MAP can stay the same

31
Q

How does an increase in metabolism affect an artery?

A

increases radius, decreases resistance,
increases flow, volume, and pressure in capillaries

32
Q

How does a decrease in metabolism affect an artery?

A

decreases radius, increases resistance,
decreases flow, volume and pressure in capillaries

33
Q

What are the three main job of arterioles?

A
  1. match flow to local tissue/cellular demand (default, get enough blood flow to cells)
  2. maintain and protect MAP of whole system (protect brain, protect heart)
  3. temperature regulation (skin)
34
Q

Describe the histology of arterioles

A

thick smooth muscle layer, regulates pressure and flow to downstream capillaries

35
Q

What is an example of a time where the arterioles would need to focus on protecting TPR cooperation and focus blood flow to the heart and brain?

A

loss of pressure in arteries, hemorrhage

36
Q

What does active hyperemia mean?

A

more metabolism, increased blood flow

37
Q

What are the factors that tell an arteriole to dialate?

A

rising CO2 levels, dropping O2, drop in pH, rise in metabolites

38
Q

What is Myogenic Flow Autoregulaton?

A

protective mechanism against pressure-induced damage

39
Q

What is reactive hyperemia?

A

high local blood flow after period of deprivation

40
Q

What are local controls?

A

main regulators of flow to brain and heart muscle

41
Q

Predict what happens must happen in the systemic arteriole for vasodilation to occur in regards to..
O2
CO2
pH
ECF K+
Adenosine

A

decreasing
increasing
decreasing
increasing
increasing

opposite is true

42
Q

What are the extrinsic controls of the arterioles?

A

sympathetic innervation of vessels
alpha 1 adrenergic receptor agonists induce constriction
beta 2 adrenergic receptor agonists induce dilation
NE stimulates alpha 1 strongly, causing constricton, reduced radius, reduced flow
E stimulates beta 2 receptors strongly, causing dilation, increasing radius and flow (important in skeletal muscle)

43
Q

Describe the effects of low dose vs. high dose of epinephrine

A

low dose (physiologic) causes vasodilation
high dose (injection) causes vasoconstricton

44
Q

Describe the neural controls that alter arteriolar smooth muscle

A

VASOCONSTRICTORS:
sympathetic nerve that release NE, alpha1R
VASODILATORS:
neurons that release nitric oxide

not dual innervation of vasculature: sympathetic only

dilation from nitric oxide release, less NE applied

45
Q

Describe the hormonal controls that alter arteriolar smooth muscle

A

VASOCONSTRICTORS:
epinephrine high []
angiotensin II
vasopressin = ADH

VASODILATORS
epinephrine low []
atrial natriuretic peptide = ANP

46
Q

Describe the local controls that alter arteriolar smooth muscle

A

VASOCONSTRICTORS
internal blood pressure (myogenic response)
endothelin-1

VASODILATORS
drop in O2
rise in K+, CO2, drop in H+
osmolarity
adenosine
substances released during injury
nitric oxide

47
Q

What is the most powerful constrictor measured?

A

endothelin-1, secreted by endothelial cells

48
Q

Describe Arteriolar Smooth Muscle Control of the…
1.Heart
2. Skeletal Muscle
3. Brain
4. Lungs

A
  1. coronary flow occurs mainly during diastole
  2. controlled by local metabolic factors during excersize, Epinephrine causes vasodilation via Beta2-adrenergic receptors when present in low concentration, and vasoconstriction via alpha-adrenergic receptors when present in high concentration
  3. influenced relatively little by the autonomic nervous system
  4. constriction mediated by local factors in response to low oxygen-concentration- just the opposite of what occurs in the systemic circulation
49
Q

What causes intrinsic mechanism of regulation in Frank Sterling?

A

change in EDV

50
Q

What causes extrinsic mechanism of regulation in Frank Sterling?

A

sympathetic stimulation

Physiology (9 decks)

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