The Reproductive System Part 1 Flashcards
1
Q
what are the PRIMARY SEX ORGANS (GONADS) and what are their FUNCTIONS?
A
- TESTES (M)
- OVARIES (F)
- functions in PRODUCTION OF GAMETES (SEX CELLS)
- have secretion of STEROID SEX HORMONES;
ANDROGENS (M)
ESTROGENS + PROGESTRONE (F)
2
Q
describe the TESTES
A
housed within the SCROTUM
3
Q
describe SPERM
A
- delivered to the body through a SYSTEM OF DUCTS
- epididymis, ductus deferens, ejaculatory duct, & urethra
4
Q
what are the ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS?
A
- seminal glands, prostate, & bulbo-urethral glands
5
Q
describe the SCROTUM
A
- sac of skin + superficial fascia
- outside of the ABDOMINAL PELVIC CAVITY
- have the PAIR OF TESTES
-
temperature is LOWER THAN CORE BODY TEMP
- needed for SPERMTOGENESIS
6
Q
describe the CREMASTER MUSCLE
A
- assists in the ELEVATION OF TESTES
- type of SKELETAL MUSCLES
7
Q
describe the DARTOS MUSCLE
A
- type of SMOOTH MUSCLE—wrinkles the skin
- PULLS SCROTUM close to the body (when COLD)
8
Q
what are the LAYERS OF THE SCROTUM?
A
- TUNICA VAGINALIS
- outer layer—extension from the PERTINEUM
- TUNICA ALBUGINEA
- forms the inner layer—forms TOUGHER and PROTECTIVE CAPSULE of the testes
9
Q
describe the SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
A
- sight of SPERM PRODUCTION—or aka as SPERMATOGENESIS
- has THICK STRATIFED EPITHELIUM
- also have inner SPERMATOGENIC CELLS
- sperm forming cells—supports cells SUSTENTOCYTES (greater support of SPERMATOGENIC CELLS)
- within the TUBULAR EPITHELIUM
- all converges onto the STRAIGHT TUBULE
10
Q
describe the MYOID CELLS
A
- surrounds each SEMINIFEROUS TUBULE
- smooth muscle like cells—SQUEEZES SPERM + TESTICULAR FLUID out of the TESTES
11
Q
descrube the RETE (CIRCULAR) TESTIES»_space;> EFFERENT DUCTS/EFFECTS:
A
- carries SPERM to the EPIDIDYMIS
- sperm begins to MATURE here and DEGENERATED SPERM are REABSORBED
12
Q
descrube the EPIDIDYMIS
A
propels sperm into the DUCTUS (VAS) DEFERENS
13
Q
describe the INTERSTITAL CELLS
A
- main function is to produce ANDROGENS
- main androgen in MALES — TESTOSTERONE
- located in the SOFT TISSUE surrounding SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES
14
Q
describe the VASCULAR SUPPLY OF TESTES
A
- comes through the SPERMATIC CORD
-
type of SHEATH—covers the DUCTUS DEFERENS
- have other structures of LYMPHATICS, ARTERY, VEIN, and NERVE
- allow for COOLING OF TESTES
15
Q
describe TESTICULAR CANCER
A
- RARE—the most COMMON CANCER in MEN AGE 15-35
- has MUMPS; leads to ORCHITIS (inflammation of testis)—can be a RISK FACTOR [from PARAMYOVIRUS]
- TUMOR CELLS: SCHILLER DUVALL BODIES
- CRYPTOCHIDISM;
- the MOST COMMON RISK FACTOR
16
Q
describe the PENIS
A
- male copulatory organ
- ROOT OF THE PENIS
- SHAFT/BODY OF THE PENIS
- HEAD/GLANS OF THE PENIS
-
PREPUCE/FORESKIN:
- loose foreskin that COVERS THE GLAND
17
Q
what are the SPONGY BODIES FOUND in the SPONGY URETHRA?
A
- CORPUS SPONGIOSUM
- surrounds the URETHRA
- expands to FORM GLANDS
- CORPORA CAVERNOSA
- on both sides—PAIRED DORSAL ERECTILE BODIES
- CURA OF THE PENIS:
- found on the PROXIMAL END
- surrounded by the ISCHIOCAVERNOSUS MUSCLE—anchors PENIS TO PUBIC ARCH
18
Q
describe the MALE PERINEUM
A
- the DIAMOND-SHAPED REGION between the PUBIC SYMPHYSIS + COCCYX + ISCHIAL TUBEROSITIES
- suspends the SCROTUM
- contains the ROOT OF PENIS and ANNUS
19
Q
describe the MALE DUCT SYSTEM
A
carries SPERM from TESTES to the BODY EXTERIOR
20
Q
describe the EPIDIDYMIS in terms of the MALE DUCT SYSTEM
A
- has EFFERENT DUCTS
- its BODY AND TAIL seen more POSTERIORLY
- over 6 metes long!
- location of SPERM MATURATION
- EPITHELIUM:
- has MICROVILLA known as STEROCILIA;
- absorbs TESTICULAR FLUID and passing of NUTRIENTS TO SPERM
- has MICROVILLA known as STEROCILIA;
21
Q
describe the DUCTUS DEFERENS in terms of the MALE DUCT SYSTEM
A
- around 45 meters long
- passes from INGUINAL CANAL to PELVIC CAVITY
- expands to FORM AMPULLA—to all together form the EJACULATORY DUCT
22
Q
describe VASECTOMY
A
- the CUTTING AND LIGATION of the DUCTUS DEFERENS
- around 100% effective in BIRTH CONTROL
23
Q
describe the SEMINAL GLANDS
A
- on the POSTERIOR BLADDER SURFACE
- contains SMOOTH MUSCLE that CONTRACTS during EJACULATION
- produces VISCOUS ALKALINE SEMINAL FLUID (SEMEN)
- composed of nutrients—fructose, coagulating enzymes etc..
- can be seen with UV LIGHT
24
Q
describe the PROSTATE
A
- begins to ENCIRCLE the URETHRA that is INFERIOR to the BLADDER
- makes up the RELATIVE 30% of SEMEN
- the size of a PEACH PIT
- consists of SMOOTH MUSCLE that contracts DURING EJACULATION
- secretion of milky, slightly acid fluid
25
what else does the PROSTATE SECRETE?
- secretion of PROSTATE SPECIFIC ANTIGEN (PSA);
- **prostate inflamed — INCREASED LEVELS**
- **indication of PROSTATI**
26
definition of PROSTATITIS
- a type of **INFLAMMATORY DISORDER**
- BACTERIAL INFECTION:
- acute and chronic; can be treated with ANTIBIOTICS
27
what are the TWO TYPES OF CHRONIC PROSTATITIS
- also called or known as PELVIC PAIN SYNDROME:
- TWO TYPES:
1. INFLAMMATORY TYPE:
1. **UTI symptoms + pain in the EXTERNAL GENITALIA and LOWER BACK**
2. leukocytes in the URINE
2. NONINFLAMMATORY TYPE:
1. same as INFLAMMATORY but has NO LEUKOCYTES or BACTERIA in URINE
28
describe BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
- may be **AGE-RELATED**
- distorts URETHRA
- **ANY DIFFICULTIES IN URINATION**
- treated with SURGERY—but NEWER OPTIONS INCLUDE:
29
describe PROSTATE CANCER
- PROSTATE CANCER:
- the **SECOND MOST COMMON CAUSE OF CANCER DEATH in MALES**
- DIGITAL EXAM SCREENING:
- **looking at PSA LEVELS**
- **biopsy if abnormal**
- treatment with SURGERY and sometimes RADIATION, CASTRATION, and DRUGS
30
describe BULBO-URETHRAL GLANDS
- **PEA-SIZED GLANDS that are INFERIOR to the PROSTATE**
- production of **THICK + CLEAR MUCUS during sexual arousa**l
- helps with **LUBRICATION OF GLANDS OF PENIS**
- neutralizes **any acidity in URETHRA**
31
what are the CHARACTERISTICS of SEMEN?
- contains PROSTAGLANDINS that begin to DECREASE VISCOSITY of MUCUS in the CERVIX and stimulates REVERSE PERISTALSIS in UTERUS
- contains **HORMONE RELAXIN + other ENZYMES**
- enhances SPERM MOTILITY
- ha**s ANTIBIOTIC CHEMICALS that can DESTROY SOME BACTERIA**
- has **CLOTTING FACTORS:**
- begins to C**OAGULATE SEMEN—to prevent draining out**
- **can also LIQUEFY by FIBRINOLYSIN (allows SPERM to finish the JOURNEY 🫣)**
32
describe ERECTION
- the **ENLARGEMENT 😦 and the STIFFENING OF THE PENIS**
- ARTERIOLES are NORMALLY CONSTRICTED
- **CORPRA CAVERNOSA—begins to EXPAND and delays VENAL DRAINAGE**
- have **LONGITUDNIAL and CIRCULAR COLLAGEN FIBERS (circling PENIS)**
- prevention of **KINKING OF PENIS when ERECT**
33
describe EJACULATION
- the **PROPULSION OF SEMEN from the male duct system**
- type of **SYMPATHETIC SPINAL REFLEX**
- have the BLADDER AND SPHINCTER MUSCLES CONSTRICT
- keeps URINE FROM PROPULSING
34
definition of SPERMATOGENESIS
- begins with **SPERMATOGONIA (DIPLOID STEM CELLS)**
- differentiates into DIPLOID PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES
35
describe the PATHWAY OF SPERMATOGENESIS
- LOCATION:
- occurs in **SEMINIFEROUS TUBULES of the TESTIS**
- SPERMATOGENIC CELLS:
- gives RISE TO SPERM
- THREE STEPS OF SPERMATOGENESIS:
1. MITOSIS OF SPERMATOGONIA:
1. (stem cell) that FORMS TWO SPERMATOCYTES
2. the **MOST IMMATURE SPERMTAOGENIC CELLS**
3. **rests on the BASAL LAMINA**
2. MEIOSIS:
1. **PRIMARY SPERMATOCYTES >> SECONDARY SPERMATOCYTES >> FORM FOUR SPERMATIDS**
3. SPERMIOGENESIS:
1. **SPERMATIDS >> SPERMATOZA >> SPERM (NOW MOBILE)**
36
what are the ROLE OF SUSTENTOCYTES?
- type of **LARGE SUPPORTING CELLS (aka SERTOLI CELLS)**
- extends through **TUBULE WALLS and surrounds DEVELOPING CELLS**
- provides NUTRIENTS + SIGNALS for dividing cells
- moves cells across the LUMEN
37
function of teh BLOOD TESTIS BARRIER
- formation of the BLOOD TESTIS BARRIER
- prevention of SPERM ANTIGENS from ESCAPING BLOOD and activating IMMUNE SYSTEM
- SPERM NOT FORMED UNTIL PUBERTY = ABSENT DURING IMMUNE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
- results in not being RECOGNIZED AS “SELF”
38
describe the HYPOTHALAMIC-PITUITARY GONADAL (HPG) AXIS
- production of **GAMETES and SEX HORMONES through specific HORMAL EVENTS with cooperation between the HYPOTHALAMUS, ANTERIOR PITUITARY GLAND + TESTES**
- involves;
- **GnRH, FSH, LH, TESTOSTERONE, & INHIBIN**
39
function of FSH
stimulation of SPERMATOGENESIS (by INDIRECTLY STIMULATING SUSTENTOCYTES to release ABP
40
function of LH
4. H BINDS to INTERSTITIAL ENDOCRINE CELLS
1. **stimulation of CELLS IN TESTES TO PRODUCE TESTOSTERONE**
41
function of INHIBIN
INHIBIN:
1. released by **SUSTENOCYTES when the SPERM COUNT IS HIGH**
