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BIO 176 LAB + LEC > The Reproductive System Part 2 > Flashcards

The Reproductive System Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

describe the OVARIES

A
  • secrete the FEMALE GAMETES OVUM
  • sex hormone - ESTROGEN + PROGESTERONE;
    • ESTRADIOL
    • ESTRTRIOL
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2
Q

describe the FEMALE REPRO LIGAMENTS

A
  • OVARIAN LIGAMENT
    • anchors the ovary MEDIALLY to the UTERUS
  • SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT
    • anchors the ovary to the LATERAL WALL OF PELVIC WALL
  • BROAD LIGAMENT
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3
Q

what is it BLOOD SUPPLY

A
  • supplied by the GONADAL ARTERY
  • comes from the OVARIAN BRANCH of the UTERINE ARTERIES
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4
Q

what are the COVERINGS OF THE OVARY?

A
  • ovaries covered by a FIBROUS TUNICA ALBUGINEA
  • has outer layer of a GERMINAL CUBOIDAL LAYER
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5
Q

describe the OVARIAN FOLLICLES

A
  • OVARIAN FOLLICLES:
    • sac-like structures within CORTEX OF THE OVARY
    • contains the OOCYTES (immature egg)
  • FOLLICULAR CELL
    • one layer
  • GRANULOSA CELL
    • more than one layer
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6
Q

what are the FOLLICULAR STAGES?

A
  • PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE:
    • a SINGLE LAYER OF FOLLICLE CELLS + OOCYTE
    • now enters the FOLLICULAR STAGE;
  • VESICULAR (ANTRAL OR TERTIARY FOLLICLE:
    • a FULLY MATURE FOLLICLE
      • FLUID-FILLED ANTRUM:
        • follicle bulges from the OVARY SURFACE
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7
Q

definition of OVULATION

A
  • have the EJECTION OF THE OOCYTE from the RIPENING FOLLICLE
  • CORPUS INTEUM:
    • develops from RUPTURED FOLLICLE AFTER OVULATION
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8
Q

describe the UTERINE TUBES

A
  • before known as FALLOPIAN TUBES or OVIDUCT
  • receives the OVULATED OOCYTE
  • usual site for FERTILIZATION
  • completed covered by the PERITONEUM
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9
Q

describe the ISTHMUS

A

constricted area where TUBE and UTERUS JOIN TOGETHER

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10
Q

describe the AMPULLA

A

the DISTAL END OF TUBE that curves around the OVARY

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11
Q

describe the INFUNDIBULUM

A
  • DISTAL EXPANDED PART OF OVARY
  • contains FIMBRIAE—ciliated structures; creates CURRENTS to move oocytes into TUBE
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12
Q

describe ETOPIC PREGNANCY

A
  • implantation takes in the UTERUS
  • where IMPLANTATION AND FERTILIZATION TAKES PLACE IN UTERINE TUBE
  • similar to APPENDICITIS
  • look for PRESENCE OF HCG - HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPIN
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13
Q

describe the PELVIC INFLAMMATORY DISEASE

A
  • spread of infection from the REPRODUCTIVE TRACT into the PERITONEAL CAVITY
  • can cause SCAR TISSUE, one of the leading causes of INFERTILITY
  • commonly transmitted by STDs
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14
Q

describe the POSITION OF UTERUS

A
  • POSITION OF UTERUS:
    • ANTEVERTED:
      • INCLINED FORWARD (NORMAL POSITION)
    • RETROVERTED:
      • INCLINED BACKWARD
      • can happen in BIRTH when PLACENTA PULLED OUT TOO QUICKLY
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15
Q

describe the UTERUS AND FUNCTION

A
  • UTERUS:
    • a HOLLOW + THICK-WALLED + MUSCULAR ORGAN
  • FUNCTION:
    • RECEIVE + RETAINS + NOURISHES FERTILIZED OVUM
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16
Q

describe the UTERUS ANATOMY

A
  • UTERUS ANATOMY:
    • FUNDUS:
      • the ROUNDED AND SUPERIOR PART
    • ISTHMUS:
      • the NARROWED INFERIOR PART
    • CERVIX:
      • the NARROW NECK that projects into the VAGINA
    • CERVICAL CANAL:
      • communicates with VAGINA - external os
      • communicates with UTERUS - internal os
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17
Q

describe CERVICAL CANCER

A
  • fects around 450,000 women WORLDWIDE
  • killing over HALF
  • recommended for checkup every THREE YEARS; ages 21 - 30
  • most common age group; 30 - 50
  • use of PAPANICOLAOU (PAP) SMEAR for detection
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18
Q

describe a PROLAPSED UTERUS

A
  • an UNSUPPORTED UTERUS that sinks INFERIORLY until TIP OF CERVIX PROTRUDES through EXTERNAL VAGINAL OPENING
  • often due to OVERSTRETCHING + tearing of muscles during CHILDBIRTH
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19
Q

describe the LAYERS OF THE OVARY

A
  • PERIMETRIUM:
    • the OUTERMOST SEROUS LAYER (VISCERAL PERITONEUM)
  • MYOMETRIUM:
    • the BULKY MIDDLE LAYER consists of INTERLACING LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
    • contracts RHYTHMICALLY DURING CHILDBIRTH
  • ENDOMETRIUM:
    • the MUCOSAL LINING
    • has SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
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20
Q

describe the HISTOLOGY OF THE ENDOMETRIUM

A
  • STRATUM FUNCTIONALIS:
    • changes in response to OVARIAN HORMONAL CYCLES
    • layer that is SHED DURING MENSTRUATION
  • STRATUM BASALIS:
    • forms a NEW STRATUM FUNCTIONALIS
    • UNRESPONSIVE to OVARIAN HORMONES
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21
Q

what is the VASCULAR SUPPLY of the UTERUS?

A
  • UTERINE ARTERIES:
    • from INTERNAL ILIAC ARTERIES&raquo_space; ARCUATE ARTERIES&raquo_space; RADIAL ARTERIES in the ENDOMETRIUM&raquo_space; STRAIGHT ARTERIES&raquo_space; SPIRAL ARTERIES (stratum functionalis)
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22
Q

describe the VAGINA

A
  • THIN WALLED TUBE
  • the BIRTHING CANAL and MENSTRUAL FLOW PATHWAY
  • organ of COAGULATION
  • extends from BLADDER to the rectum
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23
Q

describe the LAYERS OF THE VAGINAL WALL

A
  • made up of FIBROELASTIC ADEVENTITIA
  • SMOOTH MUSCLE MUSCULARIS
  • STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS MUCOSA with RUGAE
    • has DENDRITIC CELLS in the MUCOSA
    • can provide a route for HIV TRANSMISSION
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24
Q

describe VAGINAL SECRETIONS

A
  • VAGINAL SECRETIONS:
    • acidic in ADULT FEMALES but are more ALKALINE in ADOLESCENTS
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25
describe the VAGINAL MUCOSA
- near vaginal orifice **forms INCOMPLETE PARTITION known as HYMEN** - ruptures **with INTERCOURSE**
26
describe the VAGINAL FORNIX
the UPPER END OF VAGINA surrounding the CERVIX
27
describe the MONS PUBIS
- **fatty overlying tissue that OVERLAYS PUBIC SYNTHESIS**
28
describe the LABIA MAJORIA
- has **HAIR COVERED FATTY SKINFOLDS** - **the COUNTER PART TO MALE SCROTUM**
29
describe the LABIA MINORIA
hairless—lined by the LABIA MAJORIA
30
describe the VESTIBULE
small RECESS WITHIN LABIA MINORA
31
describe the CLITORIS (GLANS)
- ANTERIOR TO VESTIBULE - **GLANS — exposed portion**
32
describe the PREPUCE
- the **HOOD OF THE CLITORIS** - **the same as FORESKIN**
33
describe the GREATER VESTIBULAR GLANDS/BAROTHOLIN GLANDS
- has FLANK VAGINAL OPENING - HOMOLOGOUS to BULBO-URETHRAL GLANDS - release of **MUCUS into VESTIBULE for LUBRICATION**
34
describe the MAMARRY GLANDS
- MAMMARY GLANDS: - present in MALE AND FEMALE - only FUNCTION IN FEMALE - ANATOMY: - have around 20-25 lobes - contain **GLANDULAR ALVEOLI—production of milk > passes into lactiferous ducts and sinuses**
35
describe the AREOLAR
the PIGMENTED SKIN that surrounded the nipple
36
describe the SUSPENSORY LIGAMENT (BREAST)
attaches BREAST TO UNDERLYING MUSCLE—PECTALORIS MAJOR MUSCLE
37
describe BREAST CANCER
- most common malignancy - **second MOST COMMON CAUSE of CANCER DEATH in the US for WOMEN** RISK FACTORS: have EARLY ONSET MENSTRUATION and LATE MENOPAUSE
38
describe OOGENESIS
- DOMINANT FOLLICLES: - resumes **MEIOSIS I** - HAVE TWO HAPLOID CELLS; - SECONDARY OOCYTE - large cell - full of cytoplasm and organelles - FIRST POLAR BODY - small cell - no cytoplasm - SECONDARY OOCYTE: - **arrests in METAPHASE II—they become OVULATED** - IF NOT PENETRATED; - **DETERIORATES** - PENETRATED; - **SECOND OOCYTE COMPLETES MEIOSIS II** - yields the **OVUM into the SECOND POLAR BODY**
39
describe OOGONIA
- (2n ovarian stem cells) - multiplies **by MITOSIS and STORES NUTRIENTS**
40
describe PRIMARY OOCYTES
- develop in the **PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLES become surrounded by FOLLICLE CELLS** - **begin the MEIOSIS, stalls in PROPHASE I**
41
describe FOLLICULAR PHASE AND LUTEAL PHASE
FOLLICULAR PHASE: - period of **VESICULAR FOLLICLE GROWTH (days 1 - 14)** - **varies a BIT** LUTEAL PHASE: - period of **CORPUS LUTEUM ACTIVITY (days 14 - 28)** - **always 14 days**
42
describe PATHWAY OF FOLLICLE
- PRIMORDIAL FOLLICLE >> PRIMARY FOLLICLE - **SQUAMOUS LIKE CELLS—surrounded the PRIMARY OOCYTE** - becomes C**UBOIDAL + OOCYTE ENLARGES** - FOLLICLE; now called PRIMARY (1) FOLLICLE - PRIMARY FOLLICLE >> SECONDARY FOLLICLE - beginning of **PROLIFERATION OF FOLLICULAR CELLS—formation of STRATIFIED EPITHELIUM around the OOCYTE** - SECONDARY FOLLICLE >> VESCIULAR FOLLICLE - have the **CONNECTIVE TISSUE + GRANULOSA CELLS begin to CONDENSE >> THECA FOLLICULI** - formed early vesicular follicle when liquid is CLEAR - ANTRUM: - **LARGE CAVITY FORMED when FLUID COALESCES—distinguishes itself from other follicles** - continues EXPANDING until ISOLATED; - ISOLATES OOCYTE: - has surroundings **GRANULOSA CELLS known as the CORONA RADIATA** - sites on **STALK OF ONE SIDE OF FOLLICLE** - **bulges from EXTERNAL OVARY SURFACE**
43
describe the FOLLICULAR PHASE
- stimulation of **VESICULAR (ANTRAL) FOLLLICLES to GROW** - t**riggered by increased levels of FSH** - **causes only ONE DOMINANT FOLLICLE TO BE SELECTED**
44
function of GRANULOSA CELLS
- GRANULOSA CELLS: - sends **SIGNALS TO OOCYTE to STOP AT METAPHASE II**
45
definition of MITTELSCHMERZ
The twinge OF PAIN sometimes FELT AT OVULATION by some women
46
describe the LUTEAL PHASE of the OVARIAN CYCLE
- **ANTRUM filled with CLOTTED BLOOD** - remaining **GRANULOSA CELLS and INTERNAL THECAL CELLS ENLARGES** - secretes **PROGESTERONE and some ESTROGEN** - NO PREGNANCY; - degenerates into the **CORPUS ALBICANS (scar) in 10 days and be REABSORBED**
47
describe FSH and LH role in terms of sex hormone secretion
- GONADOTROPIN RELEASING HORMONE: - stimulation of FSH and LH SECRETIONS - stimulate FOLLICLES TO MATURE — secretion of SEX HORMONES - FSH: - stimulates G**RANULOSA CELLS - ESTROGEN** - LH: - stimulates the **THECA CELLS - ANDROGENS >> converts into ESTROGEN**
48
function of PROGESTRONE
- PROGESTERONE: - helps to MAINTAIN STRTUM FUNCTIONALIS - maintains PREGNANCY
49
what is the THREE PHASES OF THE MENSTRUAL CYCLE?
- UTERINE (MENSTRUAL CYCLE): - cyclic series of changes **in the ENDOMETRIUM that occurs in response to FLUCTUATING OVARIAN HORMONE LEVELS** - THREE PHASES: 1. DAY 1 - 5: MENSTRUAL PHASE 2. DAY 6 - 14: PROLIFERATIVE (PREOVULATORY PHASE) day 14 - ovulation 3. DAY 15 - 28: SECRETORY (POSTOVULATORY PHASE)
50
describe the MENSTRUAL PHASE
- MENSTRUAL PHASE: - where **OVARIAN HORMONES are at the LOWEST LEVELS** - GONADOTROPIN LEVELS: - **beginning to RISE** - STRATUM FUNCTIONALIS: - detaches from the **UTERINE WALL and begins to SHED** - have **MENSTRUAL FLOW OF BLOOD and tissue for around 3-5 days** - DAY 5: - GROWING **OVARIAN FOLLICLES start to PRODUCE MORE ESTROGEN**
51
describe the PROLIFERATIVE PHASE
- PROLIFERATIVE (PREOVULATORY PHASE): - have RISING ESTROGEN LEVELS that begin to PROMPY the **generation of NEW STRATUM FUNCTIONAL LAYER** - layer begins to THICKEN; - **glands ENLARGE** - **SPIRAL ARTERIES increase** - ESTROGEN: - increases the **SYNTHESIS OF PROGESTERONE RECEPTORS in the ENDOMETRIUM**
52
describe the SECRETORY PHASE
- SECRETORY PHASE: - phase that is **the MOST CONSISTENT IN DURATION** - ENDOMETRIUM: - gets ready for **EMBRYO to IMPLANT** - have **RISING PROGESTERONE LEVELS from CORPUS LUTEUM;** - have T**HICKENED MUCUS—forms CERVICAL MUCUS PLUG** - **blocks entry of MORE SPERM, PATHOGENS and DEBRIS** - IF FERTILIZATION DOES NOT OCCUR: - have the **DEGENERATION OF CORPUS LUTEUM at end of secretory phase** - have the FALLING OF PROGESTERONE LEVELS - can cause **SPIRAL ARTERIES to KINK and SPASM**
53
describe ORGASM
- accompanied **by MUSCLE TENSION + INCREASE OF PULSE RATE + BP + RHYTHMIC CONTRACTIONS of the UTERUS** - **do not have REFRACTORY PERIOD**
54
describe FEMALE LIBIDO
- prompted by **DHEA** - androgen from ADRENAL CORTEX—ADRENAL GLAND - **leads to production of ANDROGENS and ESTROGENS**
55
describe GONORRHEA
- the **BACTERIAL INFECTION of MUCOSAE + REPRODUCTIVE + UT** - caused by *Neisseria gonorrhoeae* - *s*preads through GENITAL + ANAL + PHARYNGEAL MUCOSAE
56
describe SYPHILIS
- SYPHILIS: - B**ACTERIAL INFECTION that is transmitted SEXUALLY ot CONGENITALLY** - caused by *Treponema pallidum* - infected fetuses — can become STILLBORN or DIE SHORTLY AFTER - SYMPTOMS: - bacteria can invade MUCOSAE or EVEN BROKEN SKIN
57
describe CHLAMYDIA
- the **MOST COMMON BACTERIAL STI in the USA** - caused by *Chlamydia trachomatis* - can be contracted from BIRTH CANAL BY NEWBORNS
58
describe TRICHOMONIASIS
- TRICHOMONIASIS: - the MOST COMMON CURABLE STI in ACTIVE YOUNG WOMEN in the USA - type of PROTOZOAN INFECTION—easily treated - SYMPTOMS: - have YELLOW-GREEN VAGINAL DISCHARGE with STRONG ODOR
59
describe GENITAL WARTS
- GENITAL WARTS: - caused by HUMAN PAPILLOMAVIRUS (HPV) - the SECOND MOST COMMON STI in the USA
60
describe the DETERMINATION OF GENETIC SEX
- DETERMINATION OF GENETIC SEX: - of the 46 CHROMOSOMES in FERTILIZED EGG - **TWO ARE SEX CHROMOSOMES (other 44 are AUTOSOMES)** - X CHROMOSOME (LARGE) - Y CHROMOSOME (SMALL) - FEMALES: - XX; each OVUM has an X CHROMOSOME - MALES: - XY; around 50% contain X CHROMOSOME (SPERM) + around 50% contain Y CHROMOSOME
61
defintiion of SRY GENE
- the **MASTER SWITCH on the Y CHROMOSOME that INITIATES TESTES DEVELOPMENT AND MALENESS** - father determines sex of child
62
definition of NONDISJUNCTION
- the **ABNORMAL DISTRIBUTION of SEX CHROMOSOMES to GAMETES that can CAUSE ABNORMALITIES in SEXUAL + REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT**
63
describe TURNER'S SYNDROME
- TURNER’S SYNDROME: - known as MONOSYGNY — **chromosome XO** - accompanied with INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES
64
describe KLEINTELFER'S SYNDROME
- seen in MALES—just **has a SINGLE Y CHROMOSOME and TWO OR MORE X CHROMOSOMES** - more female-like proportions etc..
65
where do the TESTES AND OVARIES FORM FROM?
- TESTES FORMATION: - begins in WEEK 7 FOR **MALES—MESONEPHRIC DUCT** - FEMALE OVARY FORMATION: - starts to develop in WEEK 8 for FEMALES—**PARAMESONEPHRIC DUCT**
66
defention of PSEUDOHERMAPHRODITES
- individuals with **EXTERNAL GENITALIA that do not “MATCH” their GONADS** - due to **interferences of NORMAL SEX HORMONE PRODUCTION in the EMBRYO**
67
definition of CRYPTORCHIDISM
- the **FAILURE OF TESTES to make their NORMAL DESCENT** - can cause STERILITY + INCREASES RISK of TESTICULAR CANCER

BIO 176 LAB + LEC (20 decks)

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