The Reproductive Systems Flashcards
(169 cards)
1
Q
Designed to provide for the continuation of life
Process by which genetic information is passed from generation to generation
A
The Reproductive Systems
2
Q
Sexual reproduction involves the process of _________ – form male and female gametes
A
Gametogenesis
3
Q
Primary sex organs (gonads) produce:
A
Gametes and sex hormones
4
Q
Accessory structures include:
A
Ducts, glands and external genitalia
5
Q
Primary sex organ – testes
Accessory ducts – epididymus, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
Accessory glands – seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands
A
Male Reproductive System
6
Q
Male reproductive system:
Primary sex organ –
A
Testes
7
Q
Male reproductive system:
Accessory ducts –
A
Epididymus, ductus (vas) deferens, ejaculatory duct, urethra
8
Q
Male reproductive system:
Accessory glands –
A
Seminal vesicles, prostate gland, bulbourethral glands
9
Q
Paired oval glands (5 cm long, 2.5 cm diameter)
located in scrotum: pouch of skin and subcutaneous tissue outside abdominal cavity
A
Testes
10
Q
Cooler temperature in scrotum by at least 3 degrees below body temp. (~ 34°C) is needed to produce viable _______
A
Sperm
11
Q
Testes involves ______ and _______ muscles of scrotum
A
Dartos; cremaster
12
Q
Fibrous capsule surrounding the testes that divides the testes into > 250 lobules
A
Tunica albuginea
13
Q
Each lobule contains 1-4 highly coiled seminiferous tubules where ______ are produced
A
Sperm
14
Q
Are 2 types of cells in seminiferous tubules:
A
Spermatogenic cells
Sertoli (sustentacular) cells
15
Q
Give rise to sperm
A
Spermatogenic cells
16
Q
Nourish, protect and support spermatogenic cells
A
Sertoli (sustentacular) cells
17
Q
Between tubules are Leydig (interstitial) cells which produce
A
Testosterone
18
Q
Large cells that extend from the basement membrane of tubule to lumen
Tight junctions join Sertoli cells
Form blood – testis barrier
A
Sertoli (Sustentacular) Cells
19
Q
Substances from blood must pass thru Sertoli cells before they reach developing
A
Sperm
20
Q
Sertoli (Sustentacular) Cells prevents an immune response against ________ cell’s surface antigens which are “foreign” to immune system (as immune system develops before puberty)
A
Spermatogenic
21
Q
Nourish spermatocytes, spermatids + sperm Phagocytize excess spermatid cytoplasm Control movements of spermatogenic cells Control release of sperm into lumen Produce fluid for sperm transport Regulate effects of FSH and testosterone
A
Function of Sertoli cells
22
Q
Sertoli cells secrete hormone – inhibin which:
A
Inhibits FSH release
23
Q
Sertoli cells secrete ________ – binding protein into lumen → binds testosterone therefore keep it high for final stages of spermatogenesis
A
Androgen
24
Q
Occurs in seminiferous tubules
Takes about 64-72 days
Starts from outer wall of tubule towards lumen
A
Spermatogenesis
25
Spermatogonia (stem cells that are 2N and remain dormant until puberty) divide by mitosis giving rise to:
Type A and B spermatogonia
26
Remain at basement membrane as a reservoir of cells for future cell division
Type A cells
27
Grow and move toward lumen, called primary spermatocytes
Type B cells
28
Spermatids are small, round cells close to lumen and undergo spermiogenesis to become _________ – shed cytoplasm
Spermatozoa
29
Spermatozoa has 3 parts:
1. head
2. midpiece
3. tail
30
Has nucleus and acrosome
Head
31
Contains mitochondria
Midpiece
32
Is a flagellum
Tail
33
Sperm are released into lumen of:
Seminiferous tubule
34
At puberty, hypothalamus increases secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Stimulates anterior pituitary to release LH and FSH
Hormone control of Testes
35
FSH (follicle stimulating hormone) stimulates _____ cells to release androgen binding protein
Sertoli
36
LH (luteinizing hormone) stimulates _____ cells to release testosterone
Leydig
37
Combined effect (LH and FSH) is to stimulate:
Spermatogenesis
38
Testosterone also promotes development of male _________ sex characteristics
Secondary
39
Stimulates male development of reproductive systems ducts + descent of testis; development of external genitalia
Testosterone before birth
40
Enlargement of male sex organs + development of secondary sex characteristics (facial/chest hair, enlarged larynx for deep voice, bones/muscles ↑ in size and mass)
Testosterone at puberty
41
A hormone released by the Sertoli cells which suppresses the production of FSH once spermatogenesis has progressed
Inhibin
42
From _________ tubules (#1), sperm enter straight tubules (#2)
Seminiferous
43
Next, enter network of ducts, ____ testis (#3)
Rete testis
44
To move into coiled efferent ducts in the _______ (#4)
Epididymis
45
_______ (#5) lies on surface of testes
- takes about 20 days to travel
- storage and maturation site of sperm
Epididymis
46
Are expelled during ______ into ductus (vas) deferens (#6)
| - spermatic cord consists of the ductus deferens, blood vessels and nerves
Ejaculation
47
_______ joins with the duct of the seminal vesicle to form the short ejaculatory duct (#7)
Ampulla
48
Ejaculatory duct enters ______ gland and empties into urethra (#8)
Prostate
49
Extends from bladder to tip of penis
Urethra
50
Muscular tube that passes into pelvic cavity
- ends behind urinary bladder
- enlarges to form ampulla
Ductus deferens
51
Contains 3 cylindrical masses of erectile tissue: blood sinuses lined by endothelial cells surrounded by smooth muscle and elastic CT
Penis
52
Two lateral masses
Corpora cavernosa
53
Midventral mass containing the spongy urethra
Corpus spongiosum
54
= enlargement and stiffening of penis
Erection
55
= sympathetic reflex
| - close urethra at base of bladder
Ejaculation
56
Accessory glands of the Penis produce seminal fluid and include:
1. Seminal Vesicles (2)
2. Prostate Gland (1)
3. Bulbourethral Glands (2)
57
Produce viscous alkaline fluid
Adds ~ 60% of seminal fluid
Released into ejaculatory ducts
Seminal Vesicles (2)
58
Surrounds urethra below bladder
Adds ~ 35% of seminal fluid
Slightly acidic secretion
Empties into prostatic urethra
Prostate Gland (1)
59
Produce thick clear mucus prior to ejaculation
Alkaline secretion
Lubricates end of penis and lining of urethra
About 5% of fluid volume
Released into urethra
Bulbourethral Glands (2)
60
* mixture of sperm and seminal fluid
* about 2-5 ml released per ejaculation
* contains about 100 million sperm/ml (if # below 20 million sperm/ml considered infertile)
* pH is 7.2-7.7
Semen
61
Semen functions to provide sperm with a:
Transport medium
62
Semen functions to provide sperm with ________
Nutrients
63
Semen functions to ________ ______ of male urethra and female vagina
Neutralize acidity
64
Semen contains an _______ to destroy bacteria in semen and lower female reproductive tract
Antibiotic
65
Primary sex organ – ovaries
| Accessory ducts – uterine tubes (oviducts), uterus, vagina
Female Reproductive System
66
Female Reproductive System primary sex organ:
Ovaries
67
Female Reproductive System accessory ducts:
Uterine tubes (oviducts), uterus, vagina
68
Paired almond-shaped organ, held in place by broad, ovarian and suspensory ligaments
Surrounded by tunica albuginea covered by germinal epithelium
Ovaries
69
Ovary has:
Cortex and medulla
70
Outer cortex contains:
Ovarian follicles
71
Inner medulla contains:
Loose CT, blood vessels, lymph vessels and nerves
72
Oogenesis begins:
BEFORE BIRTH!!
73
Occurs in ovarian follicles in cortex of ovary
| Takes years to complete
Oogenesis
74
Oogonia (2N) are formed when the female is a:
Fetus
75
Divide by mitosis to form primary oocytes (2N)
Oogonia (2N)
76
Primary oocytes (2N) are arrested in prophase I of meiosis until:
Puberty
77
Is surrounded by a layer of follicle cells and is called a primordial follicle
Primary oocytes (2N)
78
At puberty, secretion of FSH results in primordial follicle becoming a:
Primary follicle
79
Follicle cells grow and become:
Granulosa cells
80
Granulosa cells produce:
Estrogen
81
Fluid-filled cavity (antrum) forms and becomes a _________ follicle
Secondary follicle
82
Primary oocyte completes meiosis I and gives rise to a large secondary oocyte (n) and first polar body
- becomes a mature ______ follicle that is ovulated
Graafian
83
Graafian follicle migrates to:
Ovary surface
84
LH triggers _______ and follicle ruptures
Ovulation
85
Secondary oocyte is released into pelvic cavity and swept into:
Oviduct
86
FERTILIZATION TAKES PLACE IN THE:
OVIDUCT!!
87
Secondary oocyte will only complete meiosis II if:
Fertilization occurs
88
Produces large ovum and second polar body
Secondary oocyte
89
Nuclei of sperm cell and ovum unite to form a diploid ______ that begins to undergo cell divisions
Zygote
90
Remainder of ruptured follicle becomes ______ _____ within ovary which will secrete progesterone and estrogen
Corpus luteum
91
If fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates as LH levels decrease (becomes corpus ________)
Albicans
92
Once corpus luteum degenerates, hormones decrease and FSH and LH:
Restart cycle
93
Pathway of oocyte:
| Secondary oocyte is drawn into funnel-shaped infundibulum of oviduct by action of:
Fimbriae
94
Takes 4 days to travel oviduct, helped by cilia and _______
Peristalsis
95
FERTILIZATION OCCURS IN THE:
OVIDUCT
96
Unless fertilized within first ____ hours after ovulation oocyte degenerates
24
97
A fertilized egg arrives at the uterus ____ days after ovulation
6-7
98
Uterus is composed of 3 sections:
Fundus, body, cervix
99
Receives fertilized ovum
| Protects and nourishes embryo
Uterus
100
Uterus wall has 3 layers:
1. outer perimetrium
2. thick middle myometrium of 3 layers of smooth muscle
3. inner endometrium
101
Part of visceral peritoneum
Outer perimetrium
102
Thick middle, 3 layers of smooth muscle
Myometrium
103
Composed of superficial Functional layer and a deeper Basal layer
Inner endometrium
104
Highly vascularized
Contains numerous uterine glands (invaginations of epithelium) that secrete nutritious glycogen into uterine cavity to sustain embryo until it implants
Inner endometrium
105
Inner endometrium is divided into 2 layers:
1) Functional layer
| 2) Basal layer
106
Sloughs off during menstruation
Functional layer
107
Permanent layer that gives rise to a new functional layer after menstruation
Basal layer
108
Extends from cervix to external genitalia
Vagina
109
Passageway for infant, discharge of menstrual fluid and receives semen
Lined with non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium for protection from abrasion
Contains stores of glycogen – produces organic acids (acidic pH)
Vagina
110
Cervix mucosal cells produce:
Mucus
111
At ovulation, cervix mucus is less:
Viscous
112
Cervix mucus can block cervical canal when not _______ (impedes sperm)
Fertile
113
Blocks spread of bacteria (vagina → uterus)
Cervix mucus
114
Cyclical changes occur in the ovaries and uterus under the control of hormones secreted by the:
Hypothalamus, anterior pituitary and ovaries
115
Events involved in maturation of an oocyte
Ovarian cycle
116
Events that prepare uterine endometrium to receive a fertilized ovum
Menstrual (Uterine) cycle
117
Cycle is about ___ days
28
118
Ovarian cycle is composed of 2 phases:
1. Follicular Phase
| 2. Luteal Phase
119
Ovarian cycle: days 1-14 (can vary from female to female)
Follicular Phase
120
Period of follicle growth
| Hypothalamus secretes GnRH which causes anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
Follicular Phase
121
FSH and LH stimulate follicle ______ and maturation
Growth
122
Follicle cells produce ________ which results in an increase in LH released
Estrogens
123
Ovulation occurs on day ___ (mid cycle) – triggered when ant. pit. releases surge of LH
14
124
Graafian follicle _______ and releases secondary oocyte
Ruptures
125
Days 15-28 (constant length)
2. Luteal Phase
126
Period of corpus luteum activity
Luteal Phase
127
Corpus luteum forms from ruptured follicle and secretes:
Progesterone and estrogens
128
High levels of estrogen and progesterone inhibit release of ___ and ____ from anterior pituitary
LH; FSH
129
If secondary oocyte not fertilized, corpus luteum degenerates about day 24 to Corpus ______
Corpus albicans
130
As a result, progesterone and estrogen levels ______ and inhibition of anterior pituitary ends
Decrease
131
If secondary oocyte is fertilized, corpus luteum remains active to maintain progesterone and estrogen levels until ______ takes over this function
Placenta
132
Embryo implants in uterus ~ _ days after fertilization
6
133
Embryo produces human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG) – stimulates secretory activity of:
Corpus luteum
134
Presence of ____ in maternal blood or urine is detected as a positive pregnancy test
HCG (Human chorionic gonadotropin)
135
Menstrual (Uterine) Cycle has 3 phases:
1. Menstrual Phase – days 1-5
2. Proliferative Phase – days 6-13
3. Secretory Phase – days 14-28
136
Days 1-5
Discharge of menstrual flow
Shed entire functional layer of endometrium
Occurs when ovarian hormones are low
Menstrual Phase
137
Days 6-13
As estrogen levels increase from developing follicles, basal layer regenerates a new functional layer
Glands and blood vessels increase in number
Proliferative Phase
138
Days 14-28
Progesterone and estrogen from the corpus luteum stimulate further development of the endometrium (becomes even more vascular and glandular to prepare for implantation of embryo)
If fertilization does not occur, corpus luteum degenerates which lowers the hormone levels and triggers the menstrual phase to begin again
Secretory Phase
139
Union of egg + sperm cells
Occurs in uterine tube (oviduct)
Slim “window of opportunity” – 3 days (out of 28)
- from 2 days before ovulation to 1 day after ovulation
- secondary oocyte is viable 24 hours after ovulation
- sperm is viable 48 hours after deposition in vagina
Fertilization
140
Move up reproductive tract by flagella + contraction of uterus and uterine tube (caused by prostaglandins in semen)
Sperm
141
When sperm cell contacts ovum, acrosome releases enzyme:
Hyaluronidase
142
- dissolves part of membrane covering the secondary oocyte
- normally only 1 sperm fertilizes egg, because once it enters, ovum develops a “fertilization membrane” that is impermeable to other sperm
- secondary oocyte completes meiosis II
- divides into larger ovum (mature egg) and smaller second polar body that disintegrates
Hyaluronidase
143
About age 50, menstrual cycle becomes irregular
Menopause
144
_______ → cessation of menstrual cycle occurs shortly after
Menopause
145
Menopause results from failure of ovaries to respond to stimulation of LH + FSH from ant. pituitary therefore, no ________
Ovulation
146
Some atrophy (degeneration) of ovaries, uterus, uterine tubes, vagina, external genitalia + breasts (due to low ________)
Estrogen
147
May experience sweating, fatigue, anxiety, headaches, muscular pain
Menopause
148
The _______ muscle is the skeletal muscle at the scrotum.
Cremaster
149
The corpus luteum will secrete:
Estrogen
150
Which cells produce testosterone?
Leydig cells
151
The myometrium is made of:
Smooth muscle
152
Final maturation of sperm cells occurs in the:
Epididymus
153
Transport medium for sperm
Provide sperm with nutrients
Neutralizes acidity of male urethra and female vagina
Contains antibiotic to destroy bacteria
Function of semen
154
The structure that surrounds the urethra (males) just below the bladder is the:
Prostate gland
155
Which hormone triggers ovulation?
Luteinizing Hormone
156
During spermatogenesis, which cell type undergoes meiosis I to produce a haploid cell?
Primary spermatocyte
157
Smooth muscle in scrotum: if cold, muscle contracts & scrotal skin will contract to reduce heat loss
If too hot, muscle relaxes, scrotal skin is loose to promote heat loss
Dartos muscle
158
Sperm cell from most immature to most mature:
```
Spermatogonium
Primary Spermatocyte
Secondary Spermatocyte
Spermatids
Spermatozoa
```
159
First incidence where sperm cell is haploid:
Secondary spermatocyte
160
Sperm require full mobility in epididymis and can be stored here ___-___ days, if not ejaculated then body reabsorbs them
40-60
161
Seminal fluid contains ________ and ____________
Fructose; clotting proteins
162
Energy for sperm
Fructose
163
Help semen coagulate after ejaculation
Clotting proteins
164
Attaches to the ovaries by mesovarium (double layered fold of peritoneum)
Broad ligament
165
Anchor ovaries to uterus
Ovarian ligament
166
Attach ovaries to pelvic wall
Suspensory ligaments
167
At puberty ~40,000 oocyte (2N) remain, the rest have already __________
Degenerated
168
Ovarian cycle and menstrual cycle:
Happen at the same time
169
Promotes growth & development of female reproductive organs at puberty, responsible for secondary sex characteristics - breast growth, wide hips, etc.
Estrogen
