Written Notes

Question 1

Skeletal muscle that forms to floor of the thoracic cavity

Answer 1

Diaphragm

Question 2

Some muscles involved in FORCED inspiration

Answer 2

Sternocleidomastoid
Scalene
Pectoralis

Question 3

Recoil in the lungs is due to the recoil of elastic fibers in the lungs that were stretched on inspiration
- Inward pull of _______ ______

Answer 3

Surface tension

Question 4

Some muscles involved in FORCED expiration

Answer 4

Internal intercostals

Abdominal muscles

Question 5

Changing levels in _____ level is the most powerful stimulus to cause a change in ones respiration rate

Answer 5

pCO2

Question 6

Stimulates HCl & pepsinogen SECRETION & would increase gastric MOTALITY

Answer 6

Gastrin

Question 7

Covered by parietal peritoneum on anterior surface and held against dorsal body wall on their posterior surface

Answer 7

Retroperitoneal

Question 8

Urine formation involves 3 processes:

Answer 8

1. Glomerular filtration
2. Tubular Reabsorption
3. Tubular Secretion

Question 9

At Bowman’s capsule will filter blood

Answer 9

Glomerular filtration

Question 10

Substance in filtrate pass BACK into blood

Answer 10

Tubular reabsorption

Question 11

Substances from blood pass back INTO filtrate

Answer 11

Tubular secretion

Question 12

Urine formation all depends on ________ that promote or oppose

Answer 12

Pressures

Question 13

Na+ reabsorption creates an _______ & _______ gradient that will drive the reabsorption of other solutes and THEN water

Answer 13

Osmotic; electrical

Question 14

Water reabsorption will always follow the reabsorption of solutes = obligatory water reabsorption -> reabsorb ___% of water this way (along with solutes to maintain equilibrium)

Answer 14

90

Question 15

Reabsorb final 10% of water as regulated by the antidiuretic hormone

Answer 15

Facilitative water reabsorption

Question 16

ADH does not always work on proximal convoluted tubule, only works on:

Answer 16

Distal Convoluted Tubule

Collecting Ducts

Question 17

E.g. increase blood [glucose] stimulates pancreatic beta cells to produce insulin
E.g. decreased blood [Na+] stimulates adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone

Answer 17

Humoral stimuli

Question 18

Trachea is more ______ and Esophagus is more _______

Answer 18

Anterior; posterier

Question 19

All 6 hormones affect their target cells using cAMP (second messenger system) because they are all protein hormones and therefore _______ soluble

Answer 19

Water

Question 20

Hyper HGH - Get very tall (~8ft); normal body proportions because individual was still growing

Answer 20

Gigantism

Question 21

Hyper HGH - Epiphyseal plates are already closed so it cannot continue to lengthen bones, so bones of hands, feet & face thicken instead

Answer 21

Acromegaly

Question 22

Hypo HGH - Slows the bone growth, height ~4ft when plates close, body proportions are child-like

Answer 22

Pituitary dwarfism

Question 23

Hypo ADH - Inability to secrete ADH -> CANNOT reabsorb water from DCT & collecting ducts of kidney tubules; excrete large amounts of dilute urine; excessive thirst

Answer 23

Diabetes Insipidus

Question 24

Hyper T4 - Produce antibodies that mimic the thyroid stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary
- Thyroid grows 2-3 x its size and produces a LOT of thyroid hormone (T4); have elevated metabolic rate

Answer 24

Graves disease

Question 25

Hypo T4 - Low metabolic rate, sensitivity to cold, slows heart rate, general sleepiness

Answer 25

Myxedema

Question 26

Will develop if dietary iodine intake is inadequate - Not able to make T4 - Low level of T4 stimulates the secretion of thyroid stimulating hormone from anterior pituitary which arrives at thyroid gland it will get the thyroid to increase in size, follicle cells will produce COLLOID but it is NOT converted to T4 because no iodine

Answer 26

Goiter

Question 27

Hypo Insulin - Inability to either PRODUCE or USE insulin | - Insulin is needed to aid transport of glucose into its cells

Answer 27

Diabetes Mellitus

Question 28

Autoimmune; immune system destroys BETA cells of the pancreas so you cannot produce the insulin; require an insulin injection, usually occurs when an individual is under the age of 20, you must match the insulin dose to the carbohydrate intake or else could result in insulin shock; brain cells deprived of glucose - coma

Answer 28

Type I

Question 29

Occurs in people 35+ in age, can control glucose level by diet, exercise, weight loss - Usually have their OWN insulin but target cells are less sensitive to it because of DOWN regulation of insulin receptors so cannot USE the insulin - Complications: loss of vision due to developing cataracts & damage to blood vessels of retina

Answer 29

Type II

Question 30

In males = spermatogenesis will make male gamete =

Answer 30

Sperm

Question 31

In females = oogenesis makes female gamete =

Answer 31

Oocyte

Question 32

In BOTH cases we reduce the chromosome number by meiosis (N=23) Unite sperm plus oocyte we will restore the chromosome number back to _______ (2n = 46)

Answer 32

Diploid

Question 33

Skeletal muscle at scrotum

Answer 33

Cremaster muscle

Question 34

If ____ cremaster muscle contracts & moves testes closer to the body to stay warm

Answer 34

Cold

Question 35

If ____, cremaster muscle relaxes so testes hang lower away from the body where it is cooler

Answer 35

Hot

Question 36

Spermatogenesis: Development of haploid spermatids into spermatozoa = they become _______ sperm

Answer 36

Elongated

Question 37

Contains enzymes that help sperm to penetrate a secondary oocyte to bring about fertilization

Answer 37

Acrosome

Question 38

Mitochondria are arranged in a spiral -> _____ for sperm locomotion

Answer 38

Energy

Question 39

6. Conveys sperm from epididymis towards urethra during sexual arousal by peristalsis

Answer 39

Ductus deferens

Question 40

7. ____________ is about 2 cm long and ends at prostatic urethra and ejects sperm & seminal vesicle secretion just before the release of semen from the urethra to the exterior

Answer 40

Ejaculatory duct

Question 41

Is a common passageway for both semen and urine

Answer 41

Urethra

Question 42

Males urethra is ___ cm long (total)

Answer 42

20

Question 43

1st part of male urethra passes through prostate gland 2-3 cm long (true step 8)

Answer 43

Prostatic urethra

Question 44

2nd part of male urethra passes through the floor of the pelvic cavity (~1cm)

Answer 44

Intermediate urethra

Question 45

3rd part of male urethra passes through the penis (~15 cm)

Answer 45

Spongy urethra

Question 46

Upon sexual stimulation parasympathetic fibers that initiate & maintain an ________ - Smooth muscles in walls of arterioles relax, increase blood flow & widen blood sinuses

Answer 46

Erection

Question 47

Secondary oocyte is the first time there is a _______ cell and where it is actually ovulated

Answer 47

Haploid

Question 48

Hormone of pregnancy

Answer 48

Progesterone

Question 49

Stimulates the development of mammary glands | Causes cervical mucus to become thick & sticky to "plug" cervix if conception occurs

Answer 49

Progesterone