The Skeletal System Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
Name functions of skeleton
A
Framework
Movement or Locomotion
Protection
Soft tissue attachment
Production
Storage
2
Q
Framework (describe)
A
supports the body and gives it shape
3
Q
Movement or Locomotion (describe)
A
bones form joints which act as levers
4
Q
Protection (describe)
A
helps protect internal organs from being damaged
5
Q
Soft tissue attachment (describe)
A
provides surfaces for the attachment of soft tissues
6
Q
Production (describe)
A
certain bones produce red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets from their bone marrow
7
Q
Storage (describe)
A
-stores minerals such as calcium/phosphorus to withstand powerful physical stresses
-fats are stored in yellow bone marrow
8
Q
Axial skeleton
A
skull, spine, ribs, sternum
9
Q
Appendicular skeleton
A
shoulder girdle, upper limbs, pelvic girdle, lower limbs
10
Q
What bones make up the SKULL?
A
cranial
11
Q
Number of cranial bones?
A
8
12
Q
What bones make up the SPINE?
A
cervical
thoracic
lumbar
sacral
coccygeal
13
Q
Number of cervical bones & their location?
A
7, neck
14
Q
Number of thoracic bones & their location?
A
12, chest
15
Q
Number of lumbar bones & their location?
A
5, lower back
16
Q
Number of sacral bones & their location?
A
5, rump
17
Q
Number of coccygeal bones & their location?
A
4, tail
18
Q
What bones make up the CHEST & how many & purpose?
A
sternum
1
attachment of true ribs, false ribs & clavicle
19
Q
What bones make up the SHOULDER & how many do we have?
A
scapula, 2
clavicle, 2
20
Q
Describe shape & location of scapulae
A
triangular bones at rear of body
21
Q
Describe shape & location of clavicle
A
āSā shaped bones above rib cage and at front of body
22
Q
What bones make up the ARM?
A
humerus, radius, ulna
23
Q
Humerus location
A
upper arm
24
Q
Radius location/description
A
outer/shorter bone of forearms
25
Ulna location/description
inner/longer bone of forearm
26
What bones make up the HANDS & how many do we have?
carpal, 16
metacarpal, 10
phalange, 28
27
Carpal description
2 rows of 4 bones, forming wrist
28
Metacarpal description
Palm of hand
29
Phalange description (hand)
Finger bones
30
What bones make up the PELVIS & how many do we have?
Ilium, 2
Ischium, 2
Pubis, 2
31
Ilium description
large, flat bones of pelvis
32
Ischium location
lower, rear of pelvis
33
Pubis location
lower, front of pelvis
34
What bones make up the LEGS?
femur, patella, tibia, fibula
35
Femur description/location
longest bone in body
36
Patella description/location
kneecap
37
Tibia description/location
larger & inner bone of lower leg
38
Fibula description/location
smaller & outer bone of lower leg
39
What bones make up the FOOT & how many do we have?
tarsal, 14
metatarsal,10
phalange, 28
40
Tarsal description
bones of ankle
41
Metatarsal description
bones of foot
42
Phalange description (foot)
bones of toes
43
Types of classifications of bones
long
short
flat
irregular
sesamoid
44
LONG bones description
* longer than they are wide
* contain mostly compact bone in the shaft (diaphysis)
* contain cancellous bones at each end (epiphysis)
45
SHORT bones description
- as long as they are wide, consist of mainly cancellous bones
- the above makes them
strong/lightweight
46
FLAT bones description
- thin, cancellous bones sandwiched between 2 layers of compact bone
- provide large areas for muscle
attachment
47
IRREGULAR bones description
many different shapes, prevent them from being classified in any other group
48
SESAMOID bones description
* 'seed like'
* located within tendons at site of tension/friction to protect joint & aid leverage
49
Examples of long bones
humerus
radius
ulna
tibia
fibula
metacarpals
phalanges
metatarsals
50
Examples of short bones
carpals
tarsals
51
Examples of flat bones
cranium
scapula
costals
sternum
ilium
52
Examples of irregular bones
vertebrae
53
Examples of sesamoid bones
patella
54
Epiphysis (epiphyses)
- bone ends, mainly comprised of
cancellous bone.
- house much of red marrow involved
in RBC production
- one of primary sites for bone growth
- can be vulnerable to breakage
during growth period
55
Diaphysis
- the shaft portion of a long bone
- is predominantly compact bone (although inside of shaft is hollow)
- principle role is to support
56
Epiphyseal line (plates):
- part of region connecting diaphysis
to epiphysis
- is a layer of subdividing cartilaginous
cells where growth in length of
diaphysis occurs
- cartilaginous cell multiply here
- they move toward diaphysis,
becoming more calcified as they go
- osteoblasts continue & complete
process of bone formation
57
Articular (hyaline) cartilage
- ends of articulating bones are
covered with articular cartilage
- is a hard, white, shiny tissue
- along with synovial fluid, helps
reduce friction
- necessary for smooth joint action
58
Types of bone tissue
compact (cortical bone)
cancellous (spongy bone)
59
Compact bone
- dense material
- hard outer structure of skeleton
- comprised of lamellae-sheets of collagen aligned in parallel patterns
- these sheets give bones strength
- supplied with oxygen/nutrients through blood supply in Haversian canals/osteons
60
Cancellous bone
- less dense
- makes up ends of bone/is surrounded by compact bone
- highly vascularised and is where blood cells are formed
61
Periosteum
* forms tough fibrous membrane, coating bone
* contains nerves, blood vessels & bone producing cells
* inner surface provides materials for nutrition repair & facilitates growth in diameter of bone
* provides point of attachment for tendons
62
Medullary cavity
* space in centre of diaphysis
* contains fatty yellow marrow (predominantly comprised of adipose tissue-a useful energy reserve)
63
Endosteum
* connective tissue deep within bone
* a thin vascular membrane that lines inner surface of the bone that forms the medullary cavity
64
What cells play important roles in bone formation?
Osteoblasts
Osteoclasts
Osteocytes
65
Osteoblasts
bone forming cells
66
Osteoclasts
bone destroying cells
67
Osteocytes
osteoblasts which have matured into bone cells
68
Ossification
creation of new bone tissue from either cartilage or stress and injury
69
When does ossification take place?
from birth and can be complete between ages of 18-30
70
Osteoblasts' role in ossification
deposit minerals into bone tissue
71
Osteoclasts' role in ossification
occupy cracks in bone and dissolve surrounding damaged tissue
72
Osteocytes' role in ossification
mature osteoblasts that have created their own site within bone tissue to maintain the structure
73
What main mineral is require to covert cartilage into skeletal tissue?
Calcium
74
How is bone elongation achieved?
-through expansion of epiphyseal
growth plates at each end of the
diaphysis
-these plates expand, allowing new
cells to form and increasing the
length of the shaft at both ends
75
What causes ossification to stop?
-when the thickness of the epiphyseal
plates decreases
-occurs at different rates for different
bones
76
What are the 4 stages of bone growth & repair?
1. Hematoma formation
2. Bone generation
3. Bony callus formation
4. Bone remodelling
77
Hematoma formation
-blood vessels in the broken bone
tear & haemorrhage, forming blood
clot/hematoma at site of break
-severed blood vessels at broken
ends of bone are sealed by clotting
process
-bone cells deprived of nutrients
begin to die
78
Bone generation
-within days of the fracture,
capillaries grow into hematoma,
while phagocytic cells begin to clear
away dead cells
-fibroblasts & osteoblasts enter area
and begin reforming bone
-fibroblasts produce collagen fibres
that connect broken bone ends,
while osteoblasts start to form
spongy bone
79
Bony callus formation
-fibrocartilaginous callus is converted
into bony callus of spongy bone
-takes about 2 months for broken
bone ends to be firmly joined
together after fracture
80
Bone remodelling
-bony callus then remodelled by osteoclasts & osteoblasts with excess material on exterior of bone and within medullary cavity being removed
-compact bone is added, creating
bone tissue similar to original
unbroken bone
-this can take many months; bone
may remain uneven for years
81
What creates bone strength?
hardness of minerals combined with tensile properties of collagen
82
What does too little collagen in a bone cause?
shatter
83
What does too little minerals in a bone cause?
bend
84
What hormone predominantly regulates bone formation in pre-puberty years?
human growth hormone (HGH)
85
What bodily functions is calcium involved?
muscular contraction
transmission of nervous impulses
regulating fluid balance
86
What does body do when calcium is lacking?
-will be withdrawn from bones
-is why diets chronically low in
calcium tend to increase risk of
osteoporosis
87
Osteoporosis risk factors
- female sex
- inactive lifestyle
- calcium deficiency
- smoking
- alcohol
- family history
- low body fat
- overtraining
88
Prevention & Treatment for osteoporosis
- diet
- dairy products
- restful sleep
- calcium/vitamin D
- limit coffee
- stop smoking
- limit alcohol
89
What is osteoporosis?
(brittle bone disease)
- an imbalance of osteoblast &
osteoclast activity
- osteoblast activity decreases,
causing drop in bone growth
- this leads to gradual loss in bone
density
=skeletal system unable to
withstand forces placed on it
90
Factors effecting bone growth
- nutrition
- hormonal excretions
- exposure to sunlight
- physical exercise
