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Year 2 - Theme 1 > The ventricular system > Flashcards

The ventricular system Flashcards

(41 cards)

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1
Q

How do the ventricles form

A
  • Lumen expands at cranial end to form ventricles
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2
Q

What are the parts of the lateral ventricles that are associated with each lobe

A
  • Anterior horn - frontal lobe
  • Body - parietal lobe
  • Posterior horn - occipital lobe
  • Inferior horn - temporal lobe
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3
Q

What is T1 in CT scans

A
  • Fluid is black, brain tissue appears white - good for looking at structure
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4
Q

What is T2 in CT scans

A
  • Fluid is white, brain tissue appears black - good for looking at fluid
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5
Q

What are the borders of the lateral ventricles

A
  • Septum pellucidum separates lateral ventricles

- Corpus callosum sits in roof

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6
Q

Location of the caudate nucleus

A
  • Sits in lateral wall
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7
Q

Location of the hippocampus

A
  • Hippocampus sits in floor of inferior horn
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8
Q

How do the lateral ventricles communicate with the third ventricle

A
  • Through ventricle through the internventricular foramen AKA foramen of monro
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9
Q

Location of third ventricle

A
  • Slit like cleft between thalami

- Fornix forms roof

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10
Q

What type of matter are corpus callosum, septum pellucidum and fornix

A
  • White matter
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11
Q

What type of matter are caudate nucleus, lentiform nucleus, thalamus and hippocampus

A
  • Gray matter
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12
Q

How does the third ventricle communicate with the 4th ventricle

A
  • Through the cerebral aqueduct AKA aqueduct of sylvius
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13
Q

Location and shape of fourth ventricle

A

Surrounded by hindbrain

  • Cerebellum posterior
  • Pons and medulla anterior
  • Cerebellar peduncles lateral
  • Characteristic peduncles lateral
  • Continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord and subarachnoid space
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14
Q

What are the three foramen exits into subarachnoid space

A
  • Two foramen of luschka(lateral)

- One foramen of magendie(middle)

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15
Q

Where do the foramina of luschka and magendie exit into

A
  • Cisterna magna
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16
Q

Role of superior colliculi

A
  • Vision
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17
Q

Role of inferior colliculi

18
Q

Role of choroid plexus

Study These Flashcards
A
  • CSF production

- Filters blood from branches of internal carotid and basilar arteries

19
Q

Describe the structure of the choroid plexus -

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Very simple

- Capillary network surrounded by cuboidal epithelium

20
Q

How is blood filtered by the choroid plexus

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Blood filtered through fenestrated(has holes) capillaries
  • Components transported through cuboidal epithelium into ventricles
  • There are tight junctions between epithelial cells which prevent macromolecules from entering CSF
  • Permeable to water and CO2
  • Forms blood-CSF barrier
21
Q

Describe the cuboidal epithelium in the ventricles

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Specialised ependyma
  • Villi present to increase surface area
  • Active transport of CSF components
  • Bidirectional(uptake of metabolites into circulatory system)
  • 60% CSF produced in ventricles
  • 40% CSF from other sites within brain
22
Q

Protein content in CSF in comparison to plasma and why

Study These Flashcards
A

CSF protein - 0.18 g/l
plasma protein - 75 g/l

  • Protein levels low in CSF as the CSF has to be sterile and macromolecules are stopped by tight junctions
23
Q

What is the cisterna magna

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Is one of the three principal openings in the subarachnoid space between the arachnoid and pia mater layers of the meninges of the brain
24
Q

What is the subarachnoid space

Study These Flashcards
A
  • Lies between pia and arachnoid

- Subarachnoid space follows contours of brain

25
Purpose of cSF
Functionally important - CSF in contact with brain parenchyma - transfer of micronutrients into brain - removal of metabolites
26
What are arachnoid granulations
- Herniations of arachnoid membrane(villi) through dura mater into venous sinuses - Mainly within the superior sagittal and transverse sinuses
27
Pressure difference between csf and sinuses
- CSF pressure must exceed that in venous sinuses - 150mm water in subarachnoid space - 80mm water in venous sinuses - If venous pressure exceeds CSF pressure, tips of villi close off(prevents reflux of blood into subarachnoid space) - Arachnoid villi act as one-way valves
28
How much CSF is produced per day
- 500ml CSF produced per day(0.35ml/min)
29
What is the total volume of CSF in the system
90-140ml
30
What happens to excess CSF
- Absorbed by arachnoid granulations
31
What are the main functions of CSF
- Hydraulic buffer to cushion brain against trauma - Vehicle for removal of metabolites from CNS - Stable ionic environment for neuronal function(communicates with brain interstitial fluid via pia) - Transport for neurotransmitters and chemicals
32
What does yellow(xanthochromia) CSF indicate?
- Due to conversion of haemoglobin to billirubin - eg subarachnoid haemorrhage - lysis of red blood cells, haemoglobin release
33
What does cloudy CSF indicate?
- Due to presence of lots of antibodies and white blood cells - eg multiple sclerosis - Protein content(gamma globulin) increase - eg bacterial meningitis - Leukocytes are increased, indicative of infection
34
How is CSF sampled
- Taken by lumbar puncture at lumbar cistern(no spinal cord) - L3/4 for adults - L4/5 for children - Vertebrae is slower growing than
35
What is hydrocephalus
- Dilation of brain ventricles - Due to blocked CSF circulation, impaired absorption or over secretion - increased intracranial pressure - Pressure on surrounding tissues affects neurological function - Can be congenital or acquired
36
What are the symptoms of hydrocephalus
- Headaches - Vomiting - Visual disturbances - Pailledema(swelling of optic disc) - Seizures - Altered cognition - Balance and coordination problems
37
What is non-communicating hydrocephalus?
- Blockage within the ventricular system - Due to tumour, cyst, stenosis(eg narrowing of cerebral aqueduct) - CSF does not circulate over surface of brain
38
Normal treatment for non-communicating hydrocephalus
Surgery - insert shunt to reduce intracranial pressure | - Blockage often in the cerebral aqueduct
39
What is dandy-walker syndrome
- Congenital malformation of the cerebellum - Obstruction within foramina of fourth ventricle - Symmetrical dilation of lateral, third and fourth ventricles
40
Treatment for dandy-walker syndrome
- Insert a shunt to reduce intracranial pressure | - In infancy, child's head may become enlarged, tend to have a large skull
41
What is communicating hydrocephalus
- Obstruction in the arachnoid villi - Movement of CSF into venous is impeded - eg impaired absorption following subarachnoid haemorrhage trauma or bacterial meningitis

Year 2 - Theme 1 (30 decks)

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