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Year 2 - Theme 1 > How drugs control the brain - L13 part 2 > Flashcards

How drugs control the brain - L13 part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the serotonergic system

A
  • Nine raphe nuclei in reticular formation with diffuse projections - each projects into a different part of the brain
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2
Q

Where do the descending projections of the serotonergic system go to

A
  • Cerebellum and spinal cord(pain)
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3
Q

What is the ascending reticular activating system(with lC)

A
  • A set of interconnected nuclei that form ascending pathways to the cortex
  • LC - noradrenergic nucleus locus coeruleus
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4
Q

When do raphe neurons fire

A
  • Fire during wakefulness

- Quiet during sleep

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5
Q

What are the functions of serotonergic system

A
  • Mood
  • Sleep
  • Pain
  • Emotion
  • Appetite
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6
Q

What is the only serotonergic ionotropic receptor

A
  • 5-HT3 R - opens channel that fluxes Na+, K+, Ca2+ (excitatory)
  • Is a cation-selective ion channel, capable of mediating fast excitatory neurotransmission in the CNS and peripheral nervous system
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7
Q

Effect of fluoxetine(prozac) on the serotonergic system

A
  • Increase serotonin function by preventing its uptake
  • Treatment for depression and anxiety but depression is not a simple case of low serotonergic tone(effects not seen for 2-3weeks)
  • Increased availability of serotonin triggering downstream pathways
  • Long term modulatory effects
  • Second messenger cascades, gene transcription etc
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8
Q

Biochemical effect of MDMA

A
  • Ecstasy causes serotonin(and norepinephrine) transporters to run in reverse increased release of serotonin and blocked re-uptake
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9
Q

Effect of LSD

A

LSD - lysergic acid diethylamide hallucinogen causes a dreamlike state with altered sensory perceptions

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10
Q

How does LSD affect sertonergic receptors

A
  • LSD potent agonist at 5HT1A receptors in raphe nucleus

- Hallucinogenic properties at 5HT2A receptors in prefrontal cortex

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11
Q

Describe the noradrenergic system

A
  • Projections form the locus coeruleus throughout the brain

- Role in arousal and attention

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12
Q

What are the metabotropic adrenergic receptors

A
  • Alpha adrenergic receptors
    Alpha1 Gq
    Alpha2 Gi
  • Beta adrenergic receptors
    Beta1, 2 and 3 Gs
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13
Q

What conditions can agonists and antagonists of adrenergic receptors used for

A
  • Cardiac arrhythmias

- Migraines

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14
Q

What type of receptors do agonists and antagonists of adrenergic receptors mostly act on?

A
  • Mostly on smooth muscle receptors, particularly in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems
  • Best activated by novel, non-painful stimuli
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15
Q

Location of adrenergic system

A
  • Primarily in lateral tegmental area, projecting to thalamus and hypothalamus
  • Acts on alpha and beta adrenergic receptors
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16
Q

Location of cholinergic system

A
  • In the periphery, acetylcholine at NMK and synapses in the autonomic ganglia
17
Q

Functions of Ach

A
  • Skeletal NMJ
  • Neuromuscular synapse between the vagus nerve and cardiac muscle fibres
  • Synapses in the ganglia of the visceral motor system
  • A variety of sites in the CNS
18
Q

What is myasthenia gravis

A
  • Autoimmune disease that destroys cholinergic receptors in the muscle - muscle weakness and eventual loss of muscle activity
19
Q

What is alzheimer’s

A
  • Loss of cholinergic neurons in the basal ganglia - possibly underlies deficits in memory associated with the disease
20
Q

Can dysfunction of the cholinergic system result in nicotine addiction?

A

Yes :(

21
Q

What is autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy associated with?

A
  • Autosomal dominant nocturnal frontal lobe epilepsy associated with mutations in nicotinic receptor genes
22
Q

Action of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

A
  • prolong action of acetylcholine at the synapse
  • Treatment for alzheimer’s disease(eg physostigmine)
  • Treatment for myasthenia gravis(neostigmine)
23
Q

What are examples of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors

A
  • Insecticides

- Chemical warfare agents eg sarin

24
Q

What is effect of botox

A
  • Prevents release of Ach at NMJ
25
Q

What is the effect of latrotoxin

A
  • Permanent release - depletes Ach at NMJ
26
Q

What are the two types of acetylcholine receptors

A
  • Muscarinic - metabotropic

- Nicotinic - ionotropic

27
Q

What are the postganglionic effects of autonomic ganglion cells on smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, or glandular targets mostly mediated by

A
  • Noradrenaline and Ach
28
Q

What do sympathetic ganglion cells and parasympathetic ganglion cells typically release

A
  • Sympathetic ganglion cells release mostly NE(but, cholinergic innervation of sweat glands)
  • Parasympathetic ganglion cells typically release Ach
29
Q

Give an example of a muscarinic receptor agonist and a muscarinic receptor antagonist

A
  • Muscarine(agonist) found in poisonous mushroom amanita muscaria
  • Atropine(antagonist) belladonna alkaloid extracted from deadly nightshade
30
Q

What is an autoreceptor

A
  • Type of receptor located in the membranes of of presynaptic nerve cells
  • It serves as part of a negative feedback loop(as autoreceptor detects neurotransmitters released by its own neuron and acts to inhibit further release)
31
Q

Effect of atropine on pupil size

A
  • Pupil is dilated by atropine administration and becomes unresponsive to light
  • Relaxation of the ciliary muscle causes paralysis of accommodation and near vision is impaired
32
Q

Structure of nicotinic receptors(in muscle) - ionotropic

A
  • 5 subunits surrounding a central pore

- Muscle receptor 2xalpha1, beta, delta and gamma subunits(neuromuscular junction NMJ)

33
Q

What is curare

A
  • Antagonist of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor - causes instant paralysis
34
Q

Structure of nicotinic receptors(neuronal receptors)

A
  • Heteromeric combnation of alpha 3,4,5 and beta 2,3,4 or 6
  • Homomeric receptors alpha 7,8 or 9
  • Alpha3 beta4 on autonomic ganglia
  • Alpha4beta2 and alpha7 most common brain receptors
35
Q

What is the histaminergic system responsible for?

A
  • Arousal and attention
  • Reactivity of vestibular system
  • Mediation of allergic responses
  • Influence of brain blood flow
  • 3 G-protein coupled receptors

Year 2 - Theme 1 (30 decks)

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