the vertebral colulm

Question 1

how many vertebrae compose the vertebral column?

Answer 1

32-34

Question 2

how many cervical vertebrae are there

Answer 2

7

Question 3

how many thoracic vertebrae are there?

Answer 3

12

Question 4

how many lumbar vertebrae are there?

Answer 4

5

Question 5

how are the vertebraes in the sacrum and how many are there?

Answer 5

they are fused and there are 5

Question 6

how are the vertebrae in the coccyx and how many are there?

Answer 6

they are fused and amount will vary between 3-5

Question 7

what is the trick to remember the # of vertebrae

Answer 7

breakfast at 7, lunch at 12, supper at 5

Question 8

how is the spine curved?

Answer 8

-convex (2), concave (1), convex (2), concave (1)

Question 9

at what moment do secondary curvatures mature?

Answer 9

throughout early life growth and development

Question 10

how is the spinal column of a feutus?

Answer 10

totally concave anteriorly

Question 11

how is the lumbar region of a newborn?

Answer 11

it has begun to be convex anteriorly

Question 12

What is cervical Kyphosis?

Answer 12

instead of having the cervical region concave it is reversed and is convex

Question 13

What is thoracic Kyphosis?

Answer 13

the thoracic region is much to concave

Question 14

what is lumbar lordosis?

Answer 14

the lumbar region is much to convexe

Question 15

what type of test can be used to determine scoliosis?

Answer 15

forward bending test

Question 16

what is scoliosis?

Answer 16

curvature of the spine.

Question 17

which vertebrae has a bifid spinous process?

Answer 17

Cervical

Question 18

What is the main function of uncinate processes?

on which vertebrae can it be found?

Answer 18

it limits lateral flexion of the cervical spine.

it can be found ranging from C3-C7

Question 19

which vertebrae has a short & wide spinous process?

Answer 19

Lumbar vertebrae

Question 20

what is the function of the facets on the thoracic vertebrae?

Answer 20

they are specially there for the ribs

Question 21

how many foramen are their in the cervical vertebrae? what are their names?
what is their function?

Answer 21

3.
1x the large vertebral foramen
2x traverse foramina –> in these the vertebral artery can be seen to pass though it.

Question 22

what is the correcponding name of the C2 vertebrae?

Answer 22

Axis

Question 23

what is the location of the Atlas?

Answer 23

C1

Question 24

on what cervical vertebrae can the Dens be found?

what is its main functions?

Answer 24

C2 (axis)

it enables C2 to articulate with C1

Question 25

what does the atlas lack? what does it have instead?

Answer 25

it lacks a vertebral body & spinous process | it has both a posterior & anterior arch that connects to lateral masses

Question 26

in the cervical vertebrae where are the pedicles located?

Answer 26

the pedicles attach the vertebral bodies

Question 27

what do the paired lamina join to form in the cervical vertebrae?

Answer 27

they pair to form the spinous process

Question 28

how is C7 different than the other cervical vertebrae?

Answer 28

-long, palpable spinous process

Question 29

what is the sacral canal

Answer 29

continuation of vertebral canals that open up at the sacral hiatus.

Question 30

what do the posterior and anterior foramina allow to pass through?

Answer 30

passage of spinal nerve branches

Question 31

what is the sacral Ala?

Answer 31

it is the “wings” of the sacrum

Question 32

where is the sacral promontory located?

Answer 32

at the superior end of the sacral, it ressembles a large, flat facet.

Question 33

what is the name of the joint between C1-C2

Answer 33

the atlanto-axial Joint

Question 34

what type of joint is the atlanto-axial joint?

Answer 34

-synovial joint

Question 35

what is included in the alanto-axial joint?

Answer 35

3 articulations; one median articulation between the dens & anterior arch and 2 lateral articulations between the articular processes.

Question 36

what joint favours the movement of “no” through rotation of the head

Answer 36

the atlanto-axial joint

Question 37

what does the altanto-occipital joint join together?

Answer 37

it joins the atlas to the skull.

Question 38

what movement is promoted by the atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 38

flexion & extension mimicing “yes"

Question 39

what type of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

Answer 39

synovial joint

Question 40

what part of the atlas and the skull articulate together?

Answer 40

superior articular facets with the occipital condyles.

Question 41

what are the 3 ligaments found int e Atlanto-Axial Joint? | what is their function?

Answer 41

-2x alar ligament -1x transverse ligament it allows for stability of that joint, and limits rotational movements.

Question 42

where does the intervertebral joints form?

Answer 42

between intervertebral (IV) disks and the articular surfaces of vertebral bodies

Question 43

are there intervertebral disks at C1 & C2?

Answer 43

no

Question 44

what is the main function of the disks & how are they composed?

Answer 44

- act as shock absorbers - outer fibrous ring: annulus fibrosis - gelatinous core: nucleus pulpsus

Question 45

what are the 4 stages of disc herniation?

Answer 45

degeneration protrusion extrusion sequestration

Question 46

what are the different types of herniations?

Answer 46

- central | - posterolateral

Question 47

what determines the level of mobility of the vertebral colulmn?

Answer 47

the height of the intervertebral disc. | greatest mobility in cervical and lumbar region

Question 48

what determines the level of mobility of the vertebral column?

Answer 48

the height of the intervertebral disc. | greatest mobility in cervical and lumbar region

Question 49

unconvertebral joint forms between what?

Answer 49

they form between uncinate processes of the C3-C7 vertebrae

Question 50

what type of joint is the unconvertebral joint?

Answer 50

synovial joint

Question 51

what are zygaphophyseal joints also known as?

Answer 51

facet joints

Question 52

what type of joint is the zygaphophyseal joint?

Answer 52

synovial joint

Question 53

what does the zygaphophyseal joints join?

Answer 53

they join the superior and inferior articular processes of adjacent vertebrae

Question 54

how are these joints oriented in each vertebral region? - cervical spine - thoracic spine - lumbar spine

Answer 54

- transverse/horizontal (allows movement in the majority of directions) - coronal/frontal plane (movements are restricted to lateral flexion - sagital plane facilitates flexion & extension

Question 55

what is the trick to remember the planes of each spinal region relative to their zygaphophyseal joints?

Answer 55

- raise the roof - chest pump - clap

Question 56

what causes for disc herniation?

Answer 56

decline of the elasticity of the anulus fibrosus causing for the nucleus propulus to protude out. this protrusion will cause forcompression of the contents of the dural sac or the spinal nerve causing pain.

Question 57

what are the movements favoured between the cervical & lumbar spine?

Answer 57

flexion & extension | lateral flexion & extension

Question 58

what are the movements favoured between the cervical & thoracic spine?

Answer 58

rotation of the neck and head | rotation of the upper trunk

Question 59

what is the main function of vertebral ligaments?

Answer 59

they support the joints of the vertebral colulmn

Question 60

what does the alar ligament do?

Answer 60

it secures the dens of C2 to the skull

Question 61

what does the transverse ligament do?

Answer 61

it secures the dens against the anterior arch of the atlas.

Question 62

what are the 2 longitudinal ligaments & what do they join?

Answer 62

- anterior longitudinal ligament - posterior longitudinal ligament - they join all of the vertebral bodies

Question 63

what does the anterior longitudinal ligament prevent?

Answer 63

-prevents hyperextension of the neck

Question 64

what does the anterior longitudinal ligament look like in comparaison to the posterior longitudinal ligament

Answer 64

Anterior longitudinal ligament is a broad fibrous ligament ranging from occipital bone to the sacrum whereas the posterior longitudinal ligament is a thin fibrous ligament ranging from C2 to the sacrum

Question 65

what does the posterior longitudinal ligament mainly attach to and what movement does it prevent?

Answer 65

it attaches mainly to the intervertebral dis IV and mainly prevents hyper flexion

Question 66

what ligament assists in limiting the flexion of the spine?

Answer 66

Supraspinous ligament ligamentum of nuchae Interspinous ligament

Question 67

what does the supraspinous ligament connect?

Answer 67

the posterior ridge of the SPs

Question 68

what is the ligamentum nuchae and extension of? and ranges along what?

Answer 68

its an extension of the supraspinous ligament and extends from the skull to C7

Question 69

what is the role of the ligamentum flavum?

Answer 69

limits flexion of the spine

Question 70

how does ligamentum flavum look like?

Answer 70

its a pair of ligaments that join the laminae of adjacent vertebrae on the posterior wall of the vertebral canal

Question 71

what ligaments assists in limiting contralateral, lateral flexion of the spine?

Answer 71

intertransverse ligaments

Question 72

whipslpash injuries often lead to what type of movement of the neck?

Answer 72

hyperextension of the neck (excessive backwards movement of the neck)

Question 73

what may hyperextension of the neck result in?

Answer 73

facture of the dens of the axis.