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Brain and Behaviour 1 > The Visual System > Flashcards

The Visual System Flashcards

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1
Q

light entering the retina moves at

A

300,000km/hr

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2
Q

we can see electromagnetic energy between

A

380 and 760 nanometers in length

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3
Q

wavelength relates to

A

role in colour perpception

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4
Q

intensity relates to

A

perception of brightness

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5
Q

our pupil dilation is a compromise btw

A

sensitivity and acuity

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6
Q

behind the pupil is the

A

lens

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7
Q

the lens does what?

A

focuses incoming light on the retina

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8
Q

tension on the lens is adjusted by

A

the ciliary muscles

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9
Q

accommodation is done by

A

the lens adjusting to focus

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10
Q

turning eyes slightly in

A

convergence

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11
Q

the diff in position of the same image on the two retinas

A

binocular disparity

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12
Q

Binocular disparity is greater when things are

A

closer

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13
Q

first 3 steps of light entering the eye

A

pupil
lens
retina

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14
Q

what does the retina do?

A

converts light to neural signals, conducts to the CNS, helps process signals

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15
Q

name the 6 types of retinal cells or I’ll burn your house down

IN ORDER!!!

A

Rods
Cones
Horizontal
Bipolar
Amacrine
Retinal Ganglion

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16
Q

axons that project outside the eyeball and end in bundle

A

Retinal ganglion

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17
Q

what is the center of the retina

A

the fovea

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18
Q

how does the visual system fill in the retinal gaps?

A

completion

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19
Q

Cones are good for

A

colour, good light, high acuity

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20
Q

Rods are good at

A

low light

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21
Q

rods are ___receptors,

A

scotopic

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22
Q

cones are ___ receptors

A

photopic

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23
Q

cones have hundreds of outputs that converge on a single RGC

T or F?

A

FALSE

Suuuuper false

so false

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24
Q

the fovea only has

A

cones

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25
what happens at the edge of the fovea?
cones drop off, rods increase
26
cones can't see colour, TF????
Falllseeee
27
in the Purkinge effect...
low light- blues seem brighter high light red and yellow seem brighter
28
light to neural signal is
visual transduction
29
a red pigment that lose it's ability to absorb in intense light
Rhodopsin
30
our sensitivity to various wavelengths is due to
Rhodopsin's ability to absorb them
31
When Rhodopsin molecules are indarkness their ___are partially open
sodium channels
32
signals in the Retina-geniculate-striate system reach both sides of of the visual cortex
ipsilaterally and contralaterally
33
Retina-geniculate-striate is organized
retinotopically
34
there are ___ pathways from the eyes to the cortex
4
35
the nasal hemiretinas cross over at the
optic chiasm
36
the temporal hemiretinas cross over at the ?
THEY DO NOT CROSS OVER!! Trick question they are ipsalateral motherfucker!!
37
Parvocellular layers are__ and are for
small cell body neurons and are for colour, fine pattern, slow, still objects
38
Magnocelluar layers are __ and are for__
large cell body neurons, for movement
39
cones go to which channel in the lateral gen?
Parvocellular!
40
Rods go to which channel in the lateral gen?
Magnocelluar
41
Bipolar cells get their edge info from
cones
42
bipolar cells enhance
center vision
43
Neural signals are carried from the retina to the lateral geniculate nuclei by
the axons of RGCs
44
photopigment of rods is
rhodopsin
45
non-existent stripes running at the edges, make edges easier to see
mach bands
46
how did Hubel and Weiss map receptive fields?
microeletrode near single vis system neuron eye moves blocked with paralytic images on screen focused on retina record repsonses of Neuron to various simple stims
47
when an achromatic light was shone onto the receptive fields of the RGS pathway
on off firing depending on location in field based on off center or on center
48
on center cells in the retinal-geniculate-striate respond to
light in central vision field with ON firing and lightst in the peripheral with inhibition
49
simple striate cells respond best to
straight line borders, bars of light,
50
complex striate cells respond best to
stim to both eyes, retinal disparity,
51
the primary vis cortex is organized into
vertical right angles to the cortical layers
52
each vertical column of the PVC reps to
stim on the same retinal area, same eye
53
- the complexity of the preference of cortical cells progresses from the
retina, to thalamus to the lower IV levecl of the PVC
54
PVC neurons resp to
texture line orientation line movement periodic patterns spatial gradients
55
3 types of colour receps (cones), each with diff spectral sensitivity, colour is encoded by ratio of activity in the 3 types of cones
trichromatic
56
two classes of cells in vis system Brightness and colour
opponent process
57
in opponent process red is green as blue is
yellow
58
the colour vision in most primates is
trichromatic
59
the fact that perceived colour of an object is not a simple function of the reflected wavelengths
colour constancy
60
the colour of an object is determined by it’s reflectance- the ratios of light of diff wavelengths it reflects on it’s surface
Retinx theory
61
the PVC gets most of it's input from
the lateral geniculate nuclei (in the thalamus)
62
the PVC is mostly hidden by the
longitudinal fissure
63
the 2ndary PVC is mostly in the
prestriate cortex (band around the PVC)
64
the biggest association cortex for vis is in the
posterior parietal cortex
65
the order of the vis cortexes is
PVC- 2ndary, association
66
area of blindness in corresponding contralateral visual field of both eyes
Scotoma
67
the dorsal stream runs from the
PVC- Dorsal prestriate-posterior parietal cortex
68
the dorsal stream resp strongly to
WHERE??? location and time
69
the ventral stream runs from
PVC- ventral prestriate- inferotemporal cortex
70
Ventral stream responds strongly to
WHAT??? colour and shape
71
clusters of vis neurons with classes for objects, face, animals are in the
ventral stream
72
dorsal mediates
interaction
73
ventral stream directs
conscious perception
74
visual agnosia for faces (dev or acquired)
Prosopagnosia
75
failure to recognize faces is
Agnosia
76
what causes issues with facial recognition?
damage to the fusiform gyrus
77
- can’t see moving objects smoothly
Akinetopsia
78
Complexity Hierarchy Parallel Processing Functional Segregation/specialization are the
principles of visual system organization
79
principles of visual system organization
Complexity Hierarchy Parallel Processing Functional Segregation/specialization
80
patching the good eye after corrective surgery is for treatment of
amblyopia
81

Brain and Behaviour 1 (8 decks)

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