Theme 2 - Plants

Question 1

Plants

Answer 1

Multicellular eukaryotes
Photoautotrophic (most)
Sessile or stationary
Cell walls 
Alternation of Generations life cycle
Embryo retained inside/on female gametophyte

Question 2

Primary Cell Wall

Answer 2

Surrounds plasma membrane and cell contents
Made up of cellulose fibres in a matrix of hemicellulose and structural protein
Rigid but flexible

Question 3

Secondary Cell Wall

Answer 3

Cellulose fibered anchored with lignin
Added strength and rigidity
Waterproof

Question 4

Hypotonic

Answer 4

Water leaks out (Plasmolysed)

Question 5

Isotonic

Answer 5

No movement of water (Flaccid)

Question 6

Hypertonic

Answer 6

Water enters (Turgid)

Question 7

Gametophyte

Answer 7

Haploid
Multicellular
Produces gametes through mitosis

Question 8

Sporophyte

Answer 8

Diploid
Multicellular
Produces spores through meiosis

Question 9

Xylem

Answer 9

Secondary cell wall (lignin (hydrophobic)
Conducts H2O
Dead at maturity

Question 10

Phloem

Answer 10

Transports sugars and solutes
Source to sink movement
Live at maturity

Question 11

Vascular Bundles

Answer 11

Xylem, phloem, parenchyma cells and fibre cells

Question 12

Fibre cells

Answer 12

Sclerenchyma cells provide rigidity to X and P

Question 13

Bryophytes

Answer 13

Non-vascular
Survive in water (poikilohydric drought tolerators)
Flagellated sperm
Mosses
Dominant gametophyte generation
Sporophyte on female gametophyte
Protonema produces buds (gamete amplification)
Moss does an ecosystem service

Question 14

Seedless, vascular plants

Answer 14

Vascular systems w/ tracheids (no vessels)
Require water for fertilization (flagellated sperm)
Ferns (pterophytes) and Selaginella (lycophytes)
Dominant sporophyte generation
Evolved microphylls (stem outgrowth w/ 1 strand of vascular tissue (only in lycophytes)
Ferns have fronds w/ sporangia in sori on lower side
Both sexes on 1 gametophyte
Archygonia releases antheridiogen

Question 15

Seed plants

Answer 15

Vascular systems w/ tracheids and vessels
Don’t require water for fertilization
Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Dominant sporophyte generation (microscopic gametophyte generation)
Ovule produces female gametophyte

Question 16

Archygonia

Answer 16

Produces eggs

Question 17

Antheridia

Answer 17

Produces sperm

Question 18

Microspores

Answer 18

Male gametophyte

2n produces n pollen by meiosis (multicellular); pollen divides by mitosis → non-motile sperm

Question 19

Megaspores

Answer 19

Female gametophyte
Mother cell (2n) produces many haploid (n) archygonia w/ 1 egg each, and polar bodies

Question 20

Integument

Answer 20

Outer structure of the ovule

Changes to a seed coat after fertilization

Question 21

Endosperm

Answer 21

3n - formed by fertilization of the polar nuclei by the second sperm cell (only in angiosperms)

Question 22

Vegetative cell

Answer 22

Forms pollen tube

Question 23

Generative cell

Answer 23

Produces 2 sperm

Question 24

Pollen germination

Answer 24

Pollen grain hydrated on female tissue

Pollen tube grows through sporangium

Question 25

Dormancy

Answer 25

Embryo protected by dehydrated seed until conditions are appropriate for growth

Question 26

Cotyledons

Answer 26

Future leaves

Question 27

Ovule

Answer 27

Diploid

From mother plant cell

Question 28

Eudicots

Answer 28

Fruit trees, roses, crop plants, etc
2 cotyledons
Reticulate leaves (net of veins)

Question 29

Gymnosperms

Answer 29

Multiple archaegonia (multiple eggs)
2 sperm cells (1 fertilizes egg, 1 degenerates)

Question 30

Angiosperms

Answer 30

1 egg cell (1 functional megaspore)
Co-evolved with animal pollinators
Double fertilization (1 fertilizes egg, 1 fertilizes polar nuclei → endosperm)
Ovary protects ovule (develops from carpel; turns into fruit)
Hermaphroditic flowers

Question 31

Monocots

Answer 31

Palms, grasses, lilies
1 cotyledon
Parallel leaf veins