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Geography GCSE > Theme 3: Tectonic Landscapes and Hazards re-do > Flashcards

Theme 3: Tectonic Landscapes and Hazards re-do Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 main layers of earth?

A

Crust
Mantle
Outer core
Inner core

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2
Q

What do convection currents do?

A

Move the tectonic plates.

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3
Q

What are 4 features of oceanic plates?

A

Less than 200 million years old
dense
will subduct
can be melted

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4
Q

What are 4 features of continental plates?

A

Over 1.5 billion years old
Less dense than oceanic plates
Will not subduct
Cannot be melted

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5
Q

What happens at a destructive plate boundary?

A

Oceanic plates subducts when plates collide.

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6
Q

What happens at a constructive plate boundary?

A

Plates move apart.

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7
Q

What happens at a conservative plate boundary?

A

Plates slide against each `other at different speeds/directions.

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8
Q

What are 3 features/landforms of a destructive plate boundary?

A

Ocean trenches
Fold mountains
Violent earthquakes and volcanoes.

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9
Q

What are 4 features/landforms of a constructive plate boundary?

A

Volcanoes formed
Less violent than destructive
New sea floor - mid-ocean ridges
Rift valleys

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10
Q

What are 2 features/landforms of a conservative plate boundary?

A

Shockwaves form earthquakes

no volcanic eruptions

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11
Q

What plate boundary are shield volcanoes found on?

A

Constructive.

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12
Q

What are 4 features of shield volanoes?

A

Gentle slopes - lava is runny
No layers
less violent than strato
More frequent eruptions than strato

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13
Q

What plate boundary are strato volcanoes found on?

A

Destructive.

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14
Q

What are some features of strato volcanos?

A

Steep sides - viscous lava
Alternating layers of ash and lava
Violent eruptions
Less frequent eruptions than shield

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15
Q

What is a caldera?

A

A large depression formed when a volcano erupts and collapses.

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16
Q

What are ash clouds?

A

Clouds of ash and dust that come out the top of volcanoes.

17
Q

What are lahars?

A

Flows of water, rock, ash, sand and mud that originate from the slopes of a volcano.

18
Q

What are lava flows?

A

Flows of molten rock that are extremely hot.

19
Q

What are pyroclastic flows?

A

High speed avalanches of hot ash, rock fragments and gas that are extremely hot.

20
Q

What are 3 problems ash clouds can cause?

A

Breathing problems
Contaminate water and crops
Disruption to climate and airlines

21
Q

What is liquefaction?

A

When the ground starts to act like liquid (as water is forced to the surface).

22
Q

What is a tsunami?

A

A giant wave produced by underwater earthquakes.

23
Q

What is ground movement?

A

The shaking of the ground caused by the energy from the earthquake.

24
Q

What can ground shaking affect? (4)

A

Damage to buildings
Disrupt habitats
Blocking roads
Burst gas lines - fire

25
Q

What 4 factors can make areas more vulnerable to earthquakes/natural diasters?

A

Wealth
Education
Emergency services
Population density

26
Q

How can wealth effect an area’s vulnerability to an earthquake?

A

HICs=Hazard proof buildings, warning systems.

LICs=No preventions to earthquake.

27
Q

How can education effect an area’s vulnerability to an earthquake?

A

Being educated allows people to respond effectively to the earthquake and be aware of the dangers. Evacuation is more effective.

28
Q

How can emergency services effect an area’s vulnerability to an earthquake?

A

HICs=Trained professionals, well resourced.

LICs=No training or resources.

29
Q

How can population density effect an area’s vulnerability to an earthquake?

A

More people in one area= higher death rate.

In cities, high rise buildings may collapse.

30
Q

What do seismographs do?

A

Measure plate movement to detect if earthquake is coming.

31
Q

What do gas sensors do?

A

Detect gas that may have escaped crust when plates move.

32
Q

What does remote sensing do?

A

Creates a thermal image of volcanoes.

33
Q

What do tiltmeters do?

A

Detect changes in shape of volcano.

34
Q

What is hazard mapping?

A

Highlighting areas which are dangerous in an upcoming earthquake on a map.

35
Q

What does hazard mapping help with?

A

Knowing which areas are unsafe
Planning evacuation
Knowing to avoid building on exclusion zones

36
Q

What are 4 examples of emergency planning?

A

Exclusion zones
Packed survival kits in homes
Evacuation routes
Public education

37
Q

What are earthquake-proof buildings designed to do?

A

Absorb and redistribute the energy from an earthquake.

38
Q

What are 4 examples of earthquake-proof designs?

A

Steel frames - sway during movements
Rubber shock absorbers in foundations
Open areas - easy evacuation
Safety glass- reduces injury

Geography GCSE (6 decks)

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