Theories and Principles of Learning and Behavior

Question 1

The _________ mimics the ________ but __________

Answer 1

CR, UR, lesser

Question 2

An unconditioned reflex is one that is ___________

Answer 2

Involuntary, the same for all members of a species

Question 3

Relief

Answer 3

Negative reinforcement

Question 4

Reward

Answer 4

Positive reinforcement

Question 5

Bandura’s steps of observational learning

Answer 5

Attention, retention, production, motivation

Question 6

Random behaviors are rewarded and punished, and rewarded behaviors increase

Answer 6

Thorndike’s law of effect

Question 7

________ is accidental conditioning

Answer 7

Pseudoconditioning

Question 8

Positive reinforcement

Answer 8

Reward

Question 9

In habituation, a subject becomes less responsive to a ______ after _______

Answer 9

US, repeated exposure

Question 10

Best schedule for acquiring new behaviors

Answer 10

Continuous reinforcement

Question 11

Thorndike’s law of effect

Answer 11

Random behaviors are rewarded and punished, and rewarded behaviors increase

Question 12

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 12

when the CR briefly reappears during extinction trials

Question 13

The _______ response is renamed the ________ response after learning

Answer 13

unconditioned, conditioned

Question 14

Premack principle

Answer 14

When a high frequency behavior is used to reinforce a low frequency behavior

Question 15

In ______ schedules, the subject is reinforced based on how often they emit the target behavior, whereas in _____ schedules, the subject is reinforced once a certain amount of time has elapsed

Answer 15

ratio, interval

Question 16

Negative reinforcement

Answer 16

Relief

Question 17

When two behaviors have been equally reinforced and then only one is reinforced, and that behavior increases while the other decreases

Answer 17

Behavioral contrast

Question 18

In discrimination learning, the stimulus that signals reinforcement will take place is ________ while the stimulus that signals reinforcement will not take place is the _________

Answer 18

discriminative stimulus, s delta

Question 19

Loss

Answer 19

Negative punishment

Question 20

Stringing together different behaviors to accomplish a goal

Answer 20

Chaining

Question 21

_______ conditioning involves some overlap, _______ conditioning involves total overlap, and _______ conditioning involves no overlap

Answer 21

delay, simultaneous, trace

Question 22

The _______ stimulus is renamed the _______ stimulus after learning

Answer 22

neutral, conditioned

Question 23

Higher order conditioning is when…

Answer 23

…a CS is paired with a NS until it also elicits the CR

Question 24

Classical extinction happens when

Answer 24

the CS is repeatedly presented without the US

Question 25

Temporary increase in behavior after withholding reinforcement

Answer 25

Response burst

Question 26

In classical conditioning, learning is based on _________, whereas in operant conditioning, learning is based on _________

Answer 26

pairing, rewards and punishment

Question 27

Pain

Answer 27

Positive punishment

Question 28

When a high frequency behavior is used to reinforce a low frequency behavior

Answer 28

Premack principle

Question 29

Conditioning is another word for _________

Answer 29

learning

Question 30

Negative punishment

Answer 30

Loss

Question 31

__________ is when the CR briefly reappears during extinction trials

Answer 31

Spontaneous recovery

Question 32

Pseudoconditioning

Answer 32

accidental conditioning

Question 33

__________ is an automatic process in which the subject demonstrates the CR to stimuli similar to the CS, whereas _______ is a deliberate process in which the subject demonstrates the CR to new stimuli via pairing

Answer 33

Stimulus generalization, higher-order conditioning

Question 34

Positive punishment

Answer 34

Pain

Question 35

Reciprocal determination

Answer 35

Person, behavior, and environment regulate behavior

Question 36

Bandura believed we perform behavior because _______

Answer 36

we anticipate reinforcement

Question 37

Characteristics of models who are more likely to be imitated

Answer 37

High status, nurturant, of the same sex

Question 38

A conditioned reflex is one that __________

Answer 38

results from learning and experience

Question 39

The ________ stimulus must come before the ________ stimulus for learning to take place

Answer 39

neutral, unconditioned

Question 40

US -> UR when _______

Answer 40

no learning has taken place

Question 41

Rates of responding during acquisition and resistance to extinction from highest to lowest

Answer 41

Variable ratio, fixed ratio, variable interval, fixed interval

Question 42

The _______ schedule is the most scalloped

Answer 42

Fixed interval