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KNPE 486: Motor Skills > Theories and Problems > Flashcards

Theories and Problems Flashcards

1
Q

What is a theory?

A
  1. Accurately describes a large class of observations.
  2. Makes definite predictions about results of future observations. (hawking)
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2
Q

What does motor learning and control theories focus on?

A
  1. Explaining human movement behavior
  2. Providing explanations about why people perform skills as they do.
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3
Q

How does a theory have relevance to professional practice?

A
  1. Provides the “why” basis for what practitioners do.
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4
Q

What does motor control theory describe?

A
  1. Describes and explains how the nervous system produces coordinated movement during motor skills performance in a variety of environments.
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5
Q

What is science?

A
  1. A tool to utilize and explain scientific experiments or observations to falsify claims about the world.
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6
Q

Two types of control systems

A
  1. Closed-Loop Control
  2. Open-Loop Control
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7
Q

Control System

A
  1. How are you controlling different parts of your body?
  2. Stimulus
  3. Sensor or receptor
  4. Afferent pathways
  5. Integrating center
  6. Efferent pathways
  7. Target or Effector
  8. Response
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8
Q

Open and Closed Loop control System

A
  1. Each has a central control center (executive)
  2. Each include instructions form control center to effectors.
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9
Q

Differences between the two systems?

A
  1. Open loop
    a. Does not use feedback
    b. Control center provides all the information for effectors to carry out movement.
  2. Closed loop
    a. Uses feedback
    b. Control center issues information to effectors sufficient only to initiate movement
    -Relies on feedback to continue and terminate movement
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10
Q

Application of Closed Loop Control

A
  1. Feedback and error are key
  2. Untrained Skills
  3. High attentional demands
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11
Q

Application of open loop control

A
  1. Pre-program responses
  2. Quick and reactive
  3. Low attention
  4. No Feedback
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12
Q

Cerebellum

A
  1. Reference mechanism
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13
Q

Open/Closed Loop continuum: Fitt’s law

A
  1. Showed we could mathematically predict movement time (MT) for speed- accuracy skill
  2. The MT increases with either increasing the movement amplitude (A) or decreasing the target width (W)
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14
Q

Speed accuracy trade off

A
  1. When both speed and accuracy are essential to perform the skill.
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15
Q

Open-loop control: At movement initiation

A
  1. The initial movement instructions sufficient to move limb to the vicinity of the target.
  2. Speed, direction and accuracy are under CNS command
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16
Q

Closed-loop control: At movement termination

A
  1. Feedback information needed to terminate the movement
  2. Feedback from vision and proprioception needed at end of movement to ensure hitting target accurately.
17
Q

Motor Program Based Theory

A
  1. Cognitive based mechanism that controls coordinated movement
18
Q

Dynamical Systems Theory

A
  1. Emphasizes the role of information in the environment and mechanical properties of the body and limbs in movement control/coordination.
19
Q

Generalized Motor Program (GMP)

A
  1. Hypothesized memory based mechanism responsible for adaptive and flexible qualities of human movement.
    a. Proposed that each GMP controls a class of actions, which are identified by common invariant characteristics
20
Q

GMP Function

A
  1. To serve as the basis for generating movement instructions prior to and during the performance of an action.
21
Q

Invariant Features

A
  1. Characteristics that do not vary across performances of a skill within class of actions.
  2. The identifying signature of a GMP
22
Q

Parameters

A
  1. Specific movement features added to invariant features to adapt a specific situation
  2. Characteristics can very from one performance of a skill to another.
23
Q

Dynamical Systems Theory (DST)

A
  1. Describes the control of coordinated movements by emphasizing the roles of environmental information and dynamic properties of the body/limbs.
24
Q

Genesis of DST

A
  1. DST was attempting to resole two problems associated with cognitive based theories.
  2. Context-conditioned variability problem
  3. Degrees of freedom problem
25
Q

Context-Conditioned Variability Problem: Cognitive based theories

A
  1. Specific movement outcomes are dependent on specific commands found the motor program.
26
Q

Degrees of freedom problem

A
  1. DOF: Number of ways in which a system can independently vary
    a. Same goal can be achieved by different movements.
27
Q

Solutions to the problems (Synergies)

A
  1. Clustering of degrees of freedom into cooperating collectives.
  2. Temporary and flexible assembled functional organizations that are defined over a group of muscles and joints and the convert those components into task specific coherent multiple degrees of freedom ensembles
28
Q

Freezing the degrees of freedom

A
  1. Limiting the movement of limbs and joints.

KNPE 486: Motor Skills (13 decks)

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